ZEU - Zentrum für internationale Entwicklungs- und Umweltforschung
https://jlupub.ub.uni-giessen.de//handle/jlupub/101
2024-03-28T21:40:24ZDie Landwirtschaft Zentralasiens im Transformationsprozess
https://jlupub.ub.uni-giessen.de//handle/jlupub/18427
Die Landwirtschaft Zentralasiens im Transformationsprozess
Trusin, Aleksej V.; Zitzmann, Katrin
Die Wirtschaft Sowjet-Mittelasiens und Kasachstans funktionierte als fester Bestandteil des kommando-administrativen Wirtschaftssystems der Sowjetunion, das auf den Prinzipien einer Zentralverwaltungswirtschaft (ZVW) aufgebaut war. Nach Jahren der wirtschaftlichen Transformation in Richtung auf eine Markwirtschaft betrachten die neuen unabhängigen Staaten Zentralasiens den Transformationsprozess als weitgehend abgeschlossen.Bei genauerer Betrachtung lassen sich jedoch noch immer funktionierende Mechanismen des alten ZVW-Systems entdecken. Im Zuge der Transformation wurden diese Mechanismen umbenannt und den äußeren Umständen angepasst, behielten dabei aber ihre alte Lenkungs- und Verteilungsfunktion.Das Ausmaß des Einflusses der alten Mechanismen auf die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung variiert von Land zu Land. So sind sie nach wie vor in Turkmenistan und Usbekistan gut und in Kirgistan und Kasachstan, obwohl vorhanden, weniger erkennbar. In der Fallstudie über die Reformen in der Landwirtschaft in Usbekistan und Kirgistan sollen diese deshalb ausführlicher dargestellt werden.
2005-01-01T00:00:00ZForests in the context of climate change in Kazakhstan
https://jlupub.ub.uni-giessen.de//handle/jlupub/6371
Forests in the context of climate change in Kazakhstan
Sehring, Jenniver
Being a country with very low forest cover, forests are usually not in the focus of research and strategies of natural resource management in Kazakhstan.
Nevertheless, forests play an important ecological role, especially in maintaining conditions for agriculture and hydrological regimes. The paper gives a description of the state of the resource and the administrative regulations on forestry in Kazakhstan. It outlines the impacts of climate change on forestry and the potential role of forests in adaption and mitigation are described. Finally, it takes stock of current forest policies, which are less based on climate change considerations but on the country´s green growth strategy.
2012-01-01T00:00:00ZClimate risk management in Central Asian agriculture : A situation analysis
https://jlupub.ub.uni-giessen.de//handle/jlupub/6370
Climate risk management in Central Asian agriculture : A situation analysis
Pawlowski, Ira
The region of Central Asia, and in particularly the agricultural sector, is extremely vulnerable to climate change risks. The countries have started to develop adaptation strategies and climate risk management strategies, most of them described in the National Communications on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. These and other efforts are presented and commented in this paper.
2012-01-01T00:00:00ZRobustness of clustering methods for identification of potential falsifications in survey data
https://jlupub.ub.uni-giessen.de//handle/jlupub/6368
Robustness of clustering methods for identification of potential falsifications in survey data
Storfinger, Nina; Winker, Peter
Falsifications of survey data might result in specific statistical properties of the generated data differing from those of the surveyed population. Clustering methods have been proposed to identify potential falsifications based on such indicators. As any statistical procedure, the classification might entail errors, i.e. misclassification of honest interviewers as potential falsifiers and failing to identify all falsifications as such.
Typically, the robustness of a statistical classification procedure is studied using a large number of problem instances with known allocation to the groups. However, given the sensitivity of falsifications in survey data, the access to datasets comprising correctly identified falsifications is very limited.
Consequently, a bootstrap based approach is introduced and applied to assess the clustering method. This approach also allows modifying settings such as number of interviews per interviewer or share of falsifications in the dataset and to study the impact of these settings on the quality of the assignments.
Results based on a small real dataset with identified falsifications are reported.
2011-01-01T00:00:00ZDatenbasierte Indikatoren für potenziell abweichendes Interviewerverhalten
https://jlupub.ub.uni-giessen.de//handle/jlupub/6369
Datenbasierte Indikatoren für potenziell abweichendes Interviewerverhalten
Storfinger, Nina; Opper, Marie
Die Datenqualität in Umfragedaten kann in vielen Fällen durch abweichendes Verhalten der Interviewer beeinträchtigt sein. Eine Fälschung liegt dann vor, wenn der Interviewer den kompletten Fragebogen oder Teile davon nicht erfragt, sondern die Antwort selbst produziert d.h. fälscht. Gefälschte Interviews können sich dabei in vielen statistischen Eigenschaften von echten Daten unterscheiden.
Eine Methode, die diese Unterschiede ausnutzt, um die Aufdeckung der Fälschungen in Umfragedaten zu erleichtern, ist die Verwendung von sogenannten Indikatoren. Deren Berechnung basiert ausschließlich auf den erhobenen Umfragedaten und den im Fragebogen enthaltenen Fragetypen. Unter Berücksichtigung verschiedener Annahmen über die Fälschungsstrategien der Interviewer, wird in einem ersten Schritt gezeigt, wie sich eine Fälschung der verschiedenen Fragetypen in den Daten zeigt. In einem zweiten Schritt soll dann die Berechnung und Verwendung der daraus resultierenden Indikatoren bzw. Maßzahlen erläutert werden.
2011-01-01T00:00:00ZA literature review of methods to detect fabricated survey data
https://jlupub.ub.uni-giessen.de//handle/jlupub/6367
A literature review of methods to detect fabricated survey data
Bredl, Sebastian; Storfinger, Nina; Menold, Natalja
This paper reviews literature dealing with the issue of detecting interviewers who falsify survey data. The most reliable method of detecting falsifiers is through face-to-face reinterviewing of survey participants. However, only a limited number of participants can usually be reinterviewed. A review of the present literature clearly indicates that reinterviewing is more effective if the reinterview sample is put together according to some indicators that might be based on metadata, survey data or interviewer characteristics. We examine existing literature with regard to the suitability of different types of indicators that have been used in this context.
2011-01-01T00:00:00ZDeterminants of primary school enrollment in Haiti and the Dominican Republic
https://jlupub.ub.uni-giessen.de//handle/jlupub/6365
Determinants of primary school enrollment in Haiti and the Dominican Republic
Gönsch, Iris
Education is considered an important means of alleviating poverty and of improving an individual´s job and earnings prospects. Nevertheless, in Haiti and the Dominican Republic school enrollment is far from complete and shows notable regional variation.
This paper analyzes determinants of primary school enrollment and investigates to what extent differences in schooling are due to individual factors compared to family or community influences. Using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) for the two countries for two years each, logistic multilevel regression techniques are applied and the heterogeneity of the data sets is quantified using the median odds ratio (MOR).
Results support earlier studies that identify the age of a child and family wealth as some of the most important explanatory variables. Combined with detailed descriptive analysis of the enrollment behavior, late enrollment is recognized as an important driver of low overall participation rates. Other influence factors do not have the same importance in both countries. The MOR indicates that educational enrollment status is determined to a relevant extent by household and community level characteristics and suggests an increase in importance of these higher levels over time.
2011-01-01T00:00:00ZEducation for all and for life? : An introduction into primary school education in Senegal
https://jlupub.ub.uni-giessen.de//handle/jlupub/6366
Education for all and for life? : An introduction into primary school education in Senegal
Gönsch, Iris; Graef, Steffen
Generally, school participation in Senegal has achieved a lot of progress in recent years. However, several problems remain to be tackled for further improvement. Still, too many children never attend a school. An even more severe problem is the high rate of drop outs, especially when it comes to the transition from primary to secondary school. Here, the national grade six exam, higher costs of schooling and still limited availability of secondary schools are the main barriers. As a result, only a fraction of children completes the ten years of compulsory schooling which is considered necessary to have superior job perspectives. Another issue regarding absenteeism or incomplete formal schooling is the popularity of Quranic education in Senegal. Many parents prioritize religious (esp. Quranic) studies and do not want their children to attend a formal school. In many cases, those who try to combine formal and religious schooling sooner or later have to decide on whether to drop one or the other. Despite the existence of differences between rural and urban milieus no substantial gender disparity can be observed at the primary school level. At the secondary school level, however, girls education perspectives worsen so that completion of ten years of schooling is even less likely for girls than for boys.
While the quantity of enrolled children has undoubtedly risen during the past years, the development of school quality is more ambiguous. Many school buildings are in a bad condition and pedagogical material is often lacking or hardly usable. After the summer holidays many school facilities face damages due to heavy rainfalls which lead to delayed starts and many schools cannot afford the maintenance costs. The quality of classes itself suffers from too big class sizes, multigrade classes and irregular attendance of pupils.
In summary it can be stated that primary school education in Senegal has achieved some noticeable improvements. However, high drop out rates and rivalry with Quranic schooling lead to a low percentage of students with completed secondary education or higher. Since it is expected that formal schooling only pays off in economic terms after at least ten years of education, the achievement of a higher share of students with completed secondary school should be a reasonable task.
The purpose of further study will thus be to shed more light on some of the reasons preventing school enrollment and completion. One task will consist in identifying the reasons why many children are never enrolled in school. The research project will proceed with a household survey in the region of Saint-Louis. This region nearly reflects average educational figures of the whole country and is very diverse regarding geographical conditions, population density and economic activity of the population. Data from this survey will allow to disentangle the role of supply and demand sides. According to our expectations and impressions gained from the qualitative field work, even in areas where public schools are available and accessible, not all children are enrolled in school. For this group, parents might not see the benefit of attending formal school or might favor rival activities such as work or attendance of a religious school. A related question is whether school enrollment then depends primarily on household characteristics. Families of a certain educational level and of specific professions could be more prone to sending their children to school. On the other hand, there seems to be heterogeneity within households. We will have to study why some children attend school while their siblings do not. Reasons for the higher drop out rates of girls will also be subject to further study.
2011-01-01T00:00:00ZThe EU strategy for Central Asia and Kyrgyzstan foreign policy
https://jlupub.ub.uni-giessen.de//handle/jlupub/6363
The EU strategy for Central Asia and Kyrgyzstan foreign policy
Momosheva, Nazira
Over the last two years the European Union has changed its attitude towards the countries of Central Asia. The EU has strengthened its relationship with the region since the adoption of The EU and Central Asia: Strategy for a New Partnership by the European Council in June 2007. The strategy aims to strengthen relations in all spheres of cooperation. The objectives of the new strategy are reinforcement of political dialogue through regular meetings of EU and Central Asian Foreign Ministers, reinforcement of dialogue on human rights, cooperation in the areas of education, rule of law, advancement of trade and economic relations, energy, transport, environment, water as well as joint activities against common threats and challenges. The strategy is supported by a significant increase in EU assistance.
For Kyrgyzstan, as one of the Central Asian countries, the presence in world politics is only possible through the participation in the international organizations on the global and regional level. The current geopolitical situation requires a balanced relationship with countries in near and far abroad and a well-adjusted policy of between different poles of influence.
To support and advance its national interests at the sub-regional (Central Asia), regional (within the CIS, European and Asian areas) and global (via the system of international organizations) levels, Kyrgyzstan conducts targeted, multi-balanced foreign policy. The initiatives and activities commensurate with the real political and economic capabilities and the degree of involvement in international policy processes.
In recent years the importance of the economic dimension of foreign policy has increased. This is connected with the objective to contribute to reforms and economic stabilization in the country and strengthen its position in foreign markets.
The international relations of Kyrgyzstan traditionally mean close contacts with Central Asian states. The reasons are geographical neighborhood, related cultures, traditions, customs and common historical destiny, as well as the complementarities and interdependences of economies.
The analysis of Kyrgyzstan´s cooperation with other CIS countries proves the necessity of these relationships. However, despite well-developed legal framework, the potential of the cooperation is not fully exhausted due to objective circumstances.
Status and prospects of Kyrgyz relations with the developed countries show, that the conclusion of bilateral agreements and intensification of the investment in Kyrgyz economy would lead to the stable development to a market economy.
The cooperation with Western countries is one of the most important foreign policy priorities of the Kyrgyz Republic. The most active relationships are maintained with such leading countries as the United States, Germany and France. However, despite the positive impact of these relations, the danger of partial or complete economic dependence cannot be ignored. Especially Kyrgyz-German relations are developing most actively, including declaratory stage and have reached the level of specific bilateral cooperation. With other Western States Kyrgyzstan has an only fragmented and unstable relation.
Due to economic and financial difficulties and poor resource potential, Kyrgyzstan could not fully develop bilateral relations with many countries, in particular, with the Asia-Pacific region. However, the enhancement of cooperation with these states has good prospects for the republic.
As a landlocked country, located on the periphery of the major routes, Kyrgyzstan seeks to create infrastructure on the basis of the alliance and partnership with Russia, Kazakhstan,Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and other CIS countries as well as through the development of transnational projects, linking the states of Eurasian continent and of the Asia-Pacific region.
Since independence, the Kyrgyz Republic became a member of the leading international organization. This is a fundamental factor for the inclusion of the country into the global processes.
Thus, in the foreign policy of the Kyrgyz Republic has already identified the priority areas, which are characterized by the principles of multilateralism. This allows the country to establish bilateral relations with many countries in the world without strict obligations due to the transitional period of development. The best option for the operation on the international arena is foreign policy, which enables the country to continue the policy of balancing between the poles of influence.
2010-01-01T00:00:00ZDifferent background - similar strategies : recruitment in Tanzanian-African and Tanzanian-Asian companies
https://jlupub.ub.uni-giessen.de//handle/jlupub/6364
Different background - similar strategies : recruitment in Tanzanian-African and Tanzanian-Asian companies
Egbert, Henrik; Fischer, Gundula; Bredl, Sebastian
The literature on enterprises in Sub-Saharan Africa provides evidence that there are significant differences between companies run by members of the majority population and those run by members of minorities. Differences are frequently related to size, age, and certain success indicators. However, it remains unclear whether decisions concerning the acquisition of personnel also diverge. This paper outlines results of a questionnaire survey on recruitment methods of enterprises in Tanzania. The authors tried to discover differences in the recruitment strategies of Tanzanian-African and Tanzanian-Asian companies but found none. The interpretation is that companies operate in similar business environments and face comparable, exogenously given institutional restrictions. Thus, strategies of personnel recruitment seem to be alike.
2010-01-01T00:00:00Z