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Item type: Item , Mass spectrometric analysis of particulate matter in remote regions and highly polluted Chinese and Iranian megacities(2025) Barth, ChristofThe investigations in the present work are intended to contribute to the understanding of the health and environmental impacts of aerosol pollution, both in remote regions and in strongly polluted megacities. This was achieved by a combination of different instrumental and methodological approaches. First, in-situ single-particle analysis and its evaluation, based on multivariate statistical methods, was methodologically advanced using the example of a comparative measurement of standard samples in the laboratory and of online measurements on the Jungfraujoch high altitude research station at 3580 m asl in the Swiss Alps. In order to rationalize single-particle data, weather conditions, wind speed and wind direction as well as the geographical position during the measurement were taken into account. It was found that during the field measurements at the Jungfraujoch site, Sahara desert storm events were a major source for less aged iron- and silicon-rich mineral particles. Between those events the particle population was dominated by inorganic carbonaceous compounds. Both types of particles increase the local temperature and accelerate snowmelt, either by reducing snow albedo or by absorbing light over a broad spectral range. Secondly, in order to be able to address the environmental and health related factors in greater detail, particles from two heavily polluted megacities in Hangzhou, China and Tehran, Iran were extensively characterized. Filter samples were collected and measured by high-resolution mass spectrometry imaging to assign organic hydrocarbons and more complex inorganic compounds. This enabled analysis of intact organic molecules with high mass resolution and high mass accuracy. The novel methodological approach, in which the surface of particle quartz filter samples was scanned under atmospheric pressure using a 343 nm (Yb:YAG) laser (lateral resolution about 50 µm), enabled spatially resolved determination of the molecular particle composition. More than 3200 inorganic and organic compounds were specifically assigned to individual particles based on their exact mass and location on the filter surface. Particle sources could be easily distinguished from each other by means of characteristic mass spectrometric patterns using statistical clustering methods. Standard addition methods were also used to quantify polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the surface of the filters. By correlating the quantitative data with the spatially resolved particle measurements, it was possible to make well-founded statements about the respective particle pollution and its causes on site. Levels of heavy metals and harmful organic compounds, primarily from anthropogenic sources, were significant in both cities. However, higher concentrations of PAHs and a greater number of heavy metal compounds were found in the samples from Tehran. Since total particle pollution in Tehran during sampling was lower than in Hangzhou, these values are extremely alarming and demonstrate the non-compliance with and the lack of air pollution control strategies in the eastern Mediterranean region. Finally, it was shown that both methods require little or no sample preparation and provide excellent results in terms of speed, accuracy and selectivity.Item type: Item , Modelling temperature-dependent schistosomiasis dynamics for single and co-infections with S. mansoni and S. haematobium(2025) Tabo, Zadoki; Breuer, Lutz; Albrecht, ChristianSchistosomiasis, a prevalent public health issue specifically in sub-Saharan Africa, is primarily attributed to Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni, often occurring concurrently. These schistosome species share similarities in life cycles and transmission, manifesting comparable infection patterns and susceptibility to temperature variations. This study investigates the influence of temperature control not only on the transmission of individual species but also on their mutual interactions and co-infection dynamics using a mathematical model. Sub-models and co-dynamic properties, including reproduction numbers, equilibrium states, and stability conditions, are derived. Sensitivity analysis is performed to clarify the impact of parameter variations on model stability. Results suggest that temperature variation increases the spread of S. haematobium, which enhances susceptibility to S. mansoni co-infection, possibly by altering the immune response. At moderate temperatures (20°C and 25°C), infection levels in both single and co-infected individuals are higher, while recovery rates increase with temperature, peaking at 25°C and 35°C as infections significantly decrease. Biomphalaria snails exhibit greater population growth and susceptibility to infection than Bulinus snails, particularly below 25°C. Above this temperature, Biomphalaria population decreases while Bulinus species are more likely to experience faster mortality. These temperature-related variations differently impact mortality rates of intermediate snails and snail-to-human transmissibility rates for schistosome species, holding significant health implications. Targeting snails during seasons below 25°C, when susceptibility is higher, and intensifying human treatment interventions around 25°C–35°C, where recovery rates peak, may yield optimal results, particularly during seasons with intermediate temperatures around 25°C for both snails and humans. The results underscore the importance of integrating temperature into models for predicting and managing schistosomiasis dynamics for both genera. Therefore, this model is applicable not only to sub-Saharan Africa, but also to other regions where the described temperature ranges match with the local climate.Item type: Item , Exploring for gloss : active exploration in visual material perception(2025) Lin, Lisa P. Y.; Drewing, Knut; Dörschner-Boyaci, KatjaImage motion contributes to the perception of visual material properties, and motion signals are generated during active exploration. However, little is known about how specific perceptual tasks influence the actions that generate these cues. In an experiment using virtual reality and real-time hand tracking, we investigated how the demands of perceptual tasks (e.g., judging gloss or lightness) shape exploratory behaviors. Participants either observed or actively explored objects varying in gloss and lightness while performing a matching task. We analyzed how their exploration patterns varied based on the tasks. Using the same stimuli in both tasks, we found that participants explored objects more extensively when judging gloss than when judging lightness. These findings suggest a strategic prioritization of relevant cues for gloss judgments, with participants using larger movements and object rotation to enhance viewing perspectives and highlight detection. Our findings show that exploration behaviors are task dependent, with actions adapted to the demands of the perceptual task at hand.Item type: Item , Association of stress and inflammatory diseases with serum ferritin and iron concentrations in neonatal calves(2025) Sickinger, Marlene; Jörling, Jessica; Büttner, Kathrin; Roth, Joachim; Wehrend, AxelThis study investigated the effects of iron supplementation and inflammatory disease on cortisol, white blood cell (WBC) count, total protein (TP), lactate, interleukin 1 β (IL1β), interleukin 6 (IL6), substance P (SP), hepcidin, haptoglobin, and ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) in calves. Correlation analyses for the aforementioned parameters with serum iron and ferritin were performed in 40 neonatal calves over the first 10 days of life. Neither iron supplementation, disease status, nor sex had statistically significant effects on the areas under the curve of ferritin, WBC, TP, IL1β, IL6, SP, hepcidin, haptoglobin, or FRAP. However, cortisol concentrations were influenced by disease development. Cortisol concentrations were higher at birth (44.1 ± 1.95 ng/mL) than on day 2 (38.8 ± 1.87 ng/mL) (p = 0.0477), and healthy animals exhibited lower cortisol concentrations than diseased calves (p = 0.0028). Correlation analyses indicated weak positive correlations between ferritin and IL1β (p = 0.0015; ρ = 0.49) and IL6 (p = 0.0011; ρ = 0.50), respectively. The clinical significance of these findings and resulting therapeutic consequences, especially with respect to iron supplementation, should be further investigated in calves and adult cattle.Item type: Item , Exploring the potential and challenges of Lathyrus sativus (grass pea) in European agri-food value chains : a dross-country analysis(2025) Solovieva, Irina; Miteva-Bölter, Pavlina; Knez, Marija; Bessai, Ann-Kathrin; Barilli, Eleonora; Kasperczyk, Nadja; Ranic, Marija; Gurinovic, Mirjana; Luna Casado, Pedro Jose; Alba Morales, Nicolas; Sanchez, Manuel; Tisseyre, Cyril; Schaer, Burkhard; Xoplaki, ElenaModern agri-food systems demand crops that are climate change resilient, support environmental sustainability, enhance dietary diversity and appeal to consumers. This article examines the potential of underutilized crops in meeting these challenges. We take Lathyrus as a case study and examine it within the context of European agri-food value chains, with a particular focus on Germany and Spain. The study employs a range of methods—literature review, interviews, field observations, and consumer opinion surveys —to explore its versatility. The findings reveal that Lathyrus sativus (grass pea) offers significant benefits: it is adapted to dry climates and tolerates high rainfall. As a nitrogen fixing crop, it can play an important role in crop rotations, reducing the need for fertilization and providing an attractive alternative for organic farmers. Through appropriate processing methods, Lathyrus can enhance its beneficial nutritional characteristics. Furthermore, it is well suited for the development of innovative recipes that align with modern culinary trends and meet consumers’ expectations across different cultures. To make use of its potential, adaptive cultivation methods and value chain cooperation are needed. Along the value chain, the affordable pricing of Lathyrus-based products and clear communication of their nutritional, environmental, and social benefits prove to be most critical.