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Item type: Item , Decoding affect in emotional body language: valence representation in the action observation network(2025) Keck, Johannes; Bachmann, Julia; Zabicki, Adam; Munzert, Jörn; Krüger, BrittaHumans are highly adept at inferring emotional states from body movements in social interactions. Nonetheless, it is under debate how this process is facilitated by neural activations across multiple brain regions. The specific contributions of various brain areas to the perception of valence in biological motion remain poorly understood, particularly those within the action observation network (AON) and those involved in processing emotional valence. This study explores which cortical regions involved in processing emotional body language depicted by kinematic stimuli contain valence information, and whether this is reflected either in the magnitude of activation or in distinct activation patterns. Results showed that neural patterns within the AON, notably the inferior parietal lobule (IPL), exhibit a neural geometry that reflects the valence impressions of the observed stimuli. However, the representational geometry of valence-sensitive areas mirrors these impressions to a lesser degree. Our findings also reveal that the activation magnitude in both AON and valence-sensitive regions does not correlate with the perceived valence of emotional interactions. Results underscore the critical role of the AON, particularly the IPL, in interpreting the valence of emotional interactions, indicating its essential function in the perception of valence, especially when observing biological movements.Item type: Item , Quantifying the spatial impact of an invasive Acacia on ecosystem functioning using remote sensing(2025) Große-Stoltenberg, André; Werner, Christiane; Hellmann, Christine; Oldeland, Jens; Thiele, JanRemote sensing technology is increasingly applied to map the occurrence of invasive plant species, yet its use to map their ecological impact remains limited. Furthermore, invader-induced changes beyond the canopy, as well as the environmental context, are rarely considered. This study aimed to assess the impacts of an invasive tree on ecosystem functioning at the landscape scale using remote sensing, taking into account both spatial effects and environmental heterogeneity. Specifically, we investigated a coastal Mediterranean dune ecosystem invaded by the N-fixing tree Acacia longifolia (Andrews) Willd. (‘Acacia’). Four vegetation indices were calculated as proxies of ecosystem functions, and these indices were used to compute functional diversity in terms of spectral Rao’s Q for assessing impacts by Acacia based on airborne hyperspectral data. Vegetation cover and topographic indices derived from airborne LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) were used to account for spatial heterogeneity. For seven sites, we employed Generalized Linear Mixed Models to model the effects of environmental variables and Acacia-related variables on proxies of ecosystem functions. Significant impact of the invader was found beyond the invaded area augmenting to 50 % total impact on ecosystem functions. These spatial impacts are particularly prevalent at rather early stages of invasion (∼20 % invader cover at landscape level). Consequently, the impact of invaders is underestimated when spatial effects are ignored, but it is overestimated when environmental heterogeneity is neglected. Furthermore, functional diversity decreases due to invasion, though it reaches its maximum at the edges of invader stands, where Rao’s Q index captures spectral effects of both the invader and the native vegetation. Thus, we highlight that both 2D and 3D remote sensing data complement each other in remote sensing-driven impact assessments. We envision that advancements in remote sensing of ecosystem structure and functioning in terms of increasing availability of high spectral, spatial and temporal data as well as enhanced methods for data analysis will facilitate tracing the context-dependent and function-specific spatial effects of invasive species especially at early stages of invasion to enable timely management.Item type: Item , Evaluation of six phosphorus extraction methods for compliance testing of recycled P fertilizers(2025) Hernandez-Mora, A.; Duboc, O.; Bünemann, E.K.; Ylivainio, K.; Lombi, E.; Symanczik, S.; Horn, D.; Delgado, A.; Abu Zahra, N.; Zuin, L.; Doolette, C.L.; Eigner, H.; Santner, J.Phosphorus (P) recycling for fertilizer production addresses the dependency on phosphate rock and mitigates P losses to the environment. However, predicting plant-available P in recycled fertilizers is challenging due to their diverse chemical composition. This study aimed at identifying the most suitable P extraction method for fertilizer compliance testing, considering their correlation with actual fertilization efficiency, as well as their simplicity, throughput, recognition and cost. Studies on fertilizer P compliance testing often lack recommendations on minimum P extractability threshold values. Here, thresholds are calculated based on actual fertilization efficiency of a large, chemically diverse set of recycled P fertilizers, many of which are already marketed. Thirty recycled P fertilizers were extracted with H2O, neutral ammonium citrate (NAC), electro-ultrafiltration (EUF), ferrihydrite-filled membranes (iron bag; IB), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT). The mineral replacement value (MRV) of the fertilizer set was previously evaluated in three pot experiments at a fertilization rate of 50 mg kg−1 soil. MRV correlations with the extractions methods showed similar results for all besides H2O, which cannot be a reliable indicator for P availability. Fertilizers were classified as efficient or inefficient based on their MRV exceeding or falling below 60 % of the triple superphosphate reference value. The minimum P extractability threshold value (MPETV) for each method was based on the efficiency classification and it minimized the number of misclassified fertilizers. NAC, with a 60 % extractable minimum P threshold value, was the most adequate method for compliance testing, despite its overestimation of iron phosphate availability.Item type: Item , Dairy cows' responses to 2 separation methods after 3 months of cow-calf contact(2025) Vogt, Anina; Waiblinger, Susanne; Palme, Rupert; König von Borstel, Uta; Barth, KerstinWeaning and separation remain among some of the biggest challenges for cow-calf contact systems, making the development of practical and low-stress separation methods mandatory for future success of these systems. This study aimed to compare behavioral and physiological responses of dairy cows to separation from their calves after 3 mo of full-time contact, with either the 2-step method (NF, 2 wks full-time contact while calves wore a nose flap, 1 wk fence-line contact before total separation, n = 18) or by gradual reduction of contact time between cow and calf (GR, 1 wk half day contact, 1 wk morning contact, 1 wk fence-line contact before total separation, n = 18). Vocalizations and searching behavior were observed on 4 d/wk from 1 wk before separation until 1 wk after total separation. During the same period, lying behavior and rumination time was automatically assessed via accelerometers and pressure sensors. Fecal and blood samples were collected twice per week from day −1 until +23 relative to separation start for analysis of fecal cortisol metabolites and the immune response. Milk yield in the parlor was continuously recorded. Statistical analysis was conducted using linear mixed effects models. We found no difference between the 2 separation methods in any of the examined behavioral and physiological response variables. However, a significant increase in vocalizations and searching behavior compared with baseline was present with both methods. Furthermore, there was a transient increase in physiological distress markers and a short-lived retention of milk yield at initiation of treatments, indicating that both methods induced distress for the cows. Descriptively, there were large interindividual differences between cows as well as a different temporal distribution in occurrence of behavioral responses, as GR cows vocalized most frequently during the week with fence-line contact and after total separation from the calf, while NF cows reacted strongest during the 2 wk while calves wore the nose flap. Milk yield was higher in NF than GR cows during the 2 wk while GR calves had time-restricted access to their dams and NF calves were prevented from suckling, but showed no difference afterward. However, similar evening milk yields of GR cows in the weeks with half-day and morning contact, indicated that the weekly reductions in contact time worked in a rather stepwise than gradual manner, which warrants further improvement of the GR method. Taken together, results showed that cows experienced distress during separation with the GR method, when implemented over 3 wk in 3 steps, as well as with the NF method, but differences between individuals were considerable.Item type: Item , Compound events in Germany in 2018: drivers and case studies(2025) Xoplaki, Elena; Ellsäßer, Florian; Grieger, Jens; Nissen, Katrin M.; Pinto, Joaquim G.; Augenstein, Markus; Chen, Ting-Chen; Feldmann, Hendrik; Friederichs, Petra; Gliksman, Daniel; Goulier, Laura; Haustein, Karsten; Heinke, Jens; Jach, Lisa; Knutzen, Florian; Kollet, Stefan; Luterbacher, Jürg; Luther, Niklas; Mohr, Susanna; Mudersbach, Christoph; Müller, Christoph; Rousi, Efi; Simon, Felix; Suarez-Gutierrez, Laura; Szemkus, Svenja; Vallejo-Bernal, Sara M.; Vlachopoulos, Odysseas; Wolf, FrederikEurope frequently experiences a wide range of extreme events and natural hazards, including heatwaves, extreme precipitation, droughts, cold spells, windstorms, and storm surges. Many of these events do not occur as single extreme events but rather show a multivariate character, known as compound events. We investigate the interactions between extreme weather events, their characteristics, and changes in their intensity and frequency, as well as uncertainties in the past, present, and future. We also explore their impacts on various socio-economic sectors in Germany and central Europe. This contribution highlights several case studies with special focus on 2018, a year marked by an exceptional sequence of compound events across large parts of Europe, resulting in severe impacts on human lives, ecosystems, and infrastructure. We provide new insights into the drivers of spatially and temporally compound events, such as heat and drought, and heavy precipitation combined with extreme winds, and their adverse effects on ecosystems and society, using large-scale atmospheric patterns. We also examine the interannual influence of droughts on surface water and the impact of water scarcity and heatwaves on agriculture and forests. We assess projected changes in compound events at different current and future global surface temperature levels, demonstrating the need for improved quantification of future extreme events to support adaptation planning. Finally, we address research gaps and future directions, stressing the importance of defining composite events primarily in terms of their impacts prior to their statistical characterisation.