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    Are ipRGCs involved in human color vision? Hints from physiology, psychophysics, and natural image statistics
    (2024) Barrionuevo, Pablo A.; Sandoval Salinas, María L.; Fanchini, José M.
    Human photoreceptors consist of cones, rods, and melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). First studied in circadian regulation and pupillary control, ipRGCs project to a variety of brain centers suggesting a broader involvement beyond non-visual functions. IpRGC responses are stable, long-lasting, and with a particular codification of photoreceptor signals. In comparison with the transient and adaptive nature of cone and rod signals, ipRGCs' signaling might provide an ecological advantage to different attributes of color vision. Previous studies have indicated melanopsin's influence on visual responses yet its contribution to color perception in humans remains debated. We summarized evidence and hypotheses (from physiology, psychophysics, and natural image statistics) about direct and indirect involvement of ipRGCs in human color vision, by first briefly assessing the current knowledge about the role of melanopsin and ipRGCs in vision and codification of spectral signals. We then approached the question about melanopsin activation eliciting a color percept, discussing studies using the silent substitution method. Finally, we explore various avenues through which ipRGCs might impact color perception indirectly, such as through involvement in peripheral color matching, post-receptoral pathways, color constancy, long-term chromatic adaptation, and chromatic induction. While there is consensus about the role of ipRGCs in brightness perception, confirming its direct contribution to human color perception requires further investigation. We proposed potential approaches for future research, emphasizing the need for empirical validation and methodological thoroughness to elucidate the exact role of ipRGCs in human color vision.
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    Difficult to treat rheumatoid arthritis: Why profound differential diagnosis is important
    (2024) Schulz, Nils; Lange, Uwe; Klemm, Philipp
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    Regulating soil microclimate and greenhouse gas emissions with rye mulch in cabbage cultivation
    (2024) Dix, Bryan A.; Hauschild, Michael E.; Niether, Wiebke; Wolf, Benjamin; Gattinger, Andreas
    Agriculture is a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and one of the sectors most vulnerable to climate change. Mulching, the application of an organic layer to an agricultural field, is one promising agricultural practice, with the aim of reducing evaporation, preventing soil erosion and stabilising yields. While mulching has become a popular research topic in recent years, little is known about its effects on climate change adaptation and GHG emissions. We conducted weekly measurements of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and analyzed related soil parameters, including soil nitrate content, temperature, and moisture, in an organic cabbage field with mulching and fertilization as treatments. Fertilization increased N2O emissions, but rye mulch had no significant effect on emissions. Soil microclimatic parameters changed substantially under mulch, with significantly higher soil moisture and lower, less fluctuating soil temperatures. At the same time, yields increased with fertilization and mulching combined. In conclusion, our findings suggest that rye mulching can aid in climate change adaptation via soil microclimatic buffering, while not increasing GHG emissions and without compromising cabbage yield, owing to the high C/N ratio of the rye mulch.
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    Construction and analysis of uncertainty indices based on multilingual text representations
    (2024) Naboka-Krell, Viktoriia
    The work by Baker et al. (2016), who propose a dictionary based method and estimate the level of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) based on the occurrence of specific terms in ten leading newspapers in the USA, is among the first ones to detect the potential of text data in economic research. Following this line of research, this paper proposes automated approaches to construction of EPU indices for different countries based on newspapers’ texts. Multilingual fastText word embeddings, (S)BERT embeddings, and a novel multilingual topic modeling approach are used to construct EPU indices for Germany, Russia, and Ukraine. It is shown that constructed EPU indices based on multilingual word embeddings are Granger causal to the economic activity in all of the considered countries.
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    On the power of pushing or stationary moves for input-driven pushdown automata
    (2024) Kutrib, Martin; Malcher, Andreas; Wendlandt, Matthias
    Input-driven pushdown automata (IDPDAs) are pushdown automata where the next action on the pushdown store (push, pop, nothing) is solely governed by the input symbol. Nowadays such devices are usually defined such that every push operation pushes exactly one additional symbol on the pushdown store and, in addition, stationary moves are not allowed so that the devices work in real time. Here, we relax this strong definition and consider IDPDAs that may push more than one symbol in one step (push-IDPDA) or may perform stationary moves (stat-IDPDA). We study the computational power of the extended variants both in the deterministic and nondeterministic case, we investigate several decidability questions for the new automata classes, and we obtain interesting representations by inverse homomorphisms. Namely, every (1) deterministic, (2) real-time deterministic, and (3) nondeterministic context-free language can be characterized as the inverse homomorphic image of a language accepted by a (1) stat-IDPDA, (2) push-IDPDA, and (3) nondeterministic push-IDPDA.