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Item type: Item , Towards a deeper understanding of genetics of dermatitis digitalis in dairy cows through the consideration of housing characteristics, climate and barn emissions in alternative statistical modelling approaches(2025) Sölzer, NiklasClaw disorders are one of the main reasons for the culling of dairy cows. Due to the lameness that often follows in the herd, the feed intake and, not least, the milk yield of the affected animals decrease. These indirect costs are further increased by the also decreasing fertility of affected animals. In addition, there are the direct costs of veterinary treatment, medication and the need for more care of the lame animals. One of the most frequent claw disorders in this area, occurring worldwide, is dermatitis digitalis, usually better known as Mortellaro's disease. Dermatitis digitalis (DD) is a multifactorial disease in which both the housing environment and the genetics of the animals play a role. In recent years, several studies have been published to clarify the genetic background of claw disorders in general and DD in particular. In this context, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been conducted and potential candidate genes associated with claw disorders have been annotated. However, it is still unclear how specific environmental effects influence the estimation of variance components and GWAS. Climatic conditions in particular have changed in recent years and will continue to have an increasing impact on the productivity and welfare of cattle in the future. The Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) is a scientifically proven tool in this context. Heat stress (HS) for cattle begins at a THI > 68. The wide availability of data from weather stations near farms enables appropriate management. In order to identify possible correlations with claw health, SNP x heat stress (HS) interactions for claw disorders were analysed in the first part of this study. This showed that specific SNPs and their annotated candidate genes were only significant under HS or thermoneutral conditions. In the second part of this study, the aspect of interaction effects was taken up again. Here, SNP x housing system interactions were estimated for three DD traits in the housing systems of cubicle housing and compost bedded pack barn. However, very similar genetic parameters were found for the same traits in different environments. As well as negligible genotype x housing system interactions. This indicates that the housing system has only a minor effect on the genetic evaluation of a DD disease. Since cattle farming must adapt to the negative consequences of climate change, on the one hand, and is mentioned as a contributor to climate change, on the other, these aspects should also be reflected in the study design. Therefore, on the one hand, climate influences (wind speed, temperature and humidity) were recorded, and on the other hand, the emissions of ammonia, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and methane were measured in the barn. A special ‘climate gas trolley’ was built for this purpose. Using this, it was possible to measure the effects of climate and emissions at the same time in different areas of the barn. In the third part of this study, the effects of the housing environment, cow phenotypes and genomics were placed in an overall context. This approach has been used very rarely in animal breeding to date and not at all in relation to a DD disorder. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to address this issue. These models can incorporate both measurable and non-measurable variables into the analyses and have mostly been used in psychology until now. In this study, the models allow for the simultaneous consideration of environmental and genetic effects. The SEM showed that the housing environment has a greater influence on DD than genetic parameters, for example. In summary, the results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the genetic background of claw disorders in general and DD in particular. The results also provide an important contribution to a better understanding and further clarification of genotype-environment interactions. To provide a general introduction to the subject of the dissertation, Chapter 1 will take a closer look at the disease DD. On the one hand, the general course of the disease with its clinical symptoms, therapy and prevention is discussed, but on the other hand, economic aspects and the complexity of possible causes of the disease are also mentioned. The following part of the chapter deals with the housing systems of conventional cubicle housing and compost bedded housing. The chapter ends with various possibilities for modelling and the current knowledge on breeding for disease resistance. Chapter 2 aims at a deeper genomic analysis of the three claw disorders DD, hyperplasia interdigitalis (HYP) and Sole ulcer (SU), as well as their genetic association with other important breeding goal traits. Finally, possible SNP x heat stress interactions for claw disorders are analysed. The study design included 17,264 genotyped, first-lactating Holstein Friesian cows from 50 herds in northeast Germany. The heritabilities of the three claw disorders were estimated using linear and threshold models and were 0.04 and 0.08 for DD, 0.03 and 0.10 for SU and 0.03 and 0.23 for HYP. Genetic correlations estimated in bivariate linear models were consistently positive with the selected conformation traits. This indirectly indicates the need for selection on conformation traits to improve claw health. Genetic correlations with other breeding goal traits showed reduced fertility, poorer udder health and productivity in diseased cows. Genetic correlations were observed between the claw disorders, suggesting a closer genetic relationship. Furthermore, disease-specific candidate genes and genetic associations based on the surrounding SNPs were estimated, which in some cases differed from the genetic correlations. For the SNP x heat stress interactions, significant SNPs were identified on BTA 2,4,5,7,8,9,13,22,25 and 28. The results suggest gene-specific mechanisms for claw disorders only in specific environments. In Chapter 3, a detailed phenotypic characterisation of the claw disorder DD in the two housing environments (conventional cubicle barn and compost bedded pack barn) was carried out to determine possible genotype x housing system interactions. In total, the data set comprised 2,980 observations for the three traits DD-sick, DD-acute and DD-chronic from 1,311 Holstein-Friesian and 399 Simmental cows, 926 of these animals were available for the genomic studies. In total 899 cows were housed in the compost bedded pack barn (1,530 observations) and 811 were housed in the conventional cubicle barn (1,450 observations). The disease prevalence was higher in the cubicle barn than in the compost bedded pack barn. The heritabilities over the entire data set were 0.16 for DD-sick, 0.14 for DD-acute and 0.11 for DD-chronic. A slight increase in heritabilities and genetic variances was observed in the housing environment of the cubicle barn compared to the compost bedded pack barn. Genetic correlations between the same DD traits in the different housing environments were close to 0.80, indicating obvious genotype x housing system interactions. The genetic correlations between the three DD traits ranged from 0.58 to 0.81. The SNP main effects and SNP x housing system interactions were estimated using genome-wide association studies. Some common candidate genes were identified for DD-sick and DD-acute. The genes had direct or indirect effects on disease resistance or immunological processes. The genes ASXL1 and NOL4L were annotated for the SNP x housing system interactions for DD-sick and DD-acute. Chapter 4 analyses the effects of the environmental factors, cow phenotypes and genomics in more detail for the DD traits discussed in Chapter 3. The most relevant housing characteristics were analysed in linear models. The last-squares means for the infection probability were generally lower in the compost bedded pack barn than in the cubicle barn. The genome-wide association studies showed similar Manhattan plots for DD-sick and DD-acute and similar potential candidate genes in each case. Five SNPs were significantly associated with either DD-acute and DD-sick or with DD-chronic and DD-sick. These significant SNPs were then related to phenotypic and genetic estimated breeding values for the DD traits, as well as to production data and housing environmental factors in structural equation models. This showed that the housing environment had a greater influence on the risk of DD infection than genetic parameters, for example. Finally, some important aspects of this work are discussed again in chapter 5. In particular, genomic aspects of claw disorders, the influence of the housing environment and the economic weight of claw disorders in the total breeding value are considered here.Item type: Item , Testmedien für digitale Film- und Videoformate (Langzeitarchivierung)(2025-12-12) Frisch, ChristianDieser Datensatz ist im Kontext des Projekts LaVaH ("Langzeitarchivierung an den hessischen Hochschulen") in den Jahren 2023-2024 entstanden und beinhaltet Videos und ihre Derivate, die mit unterschiedlichen Arten von Kompression und unterschiedlichen Codecs bearbeitet wurden. Die rasante technologische Entwicklung der letzten Jahrzehnte stellt die Gedächtnisinstitutionen vor große Herausforderungen bei der Langzeitarchivierung von born-digital und digitalisierten Videoformaten, wobei gängige Empfehlungen zur Langzeitarchivierung in der Umsetzung zu großen Datenmengen führen können. In LaVaH wurde die Entscheidung getroffen, keine weitere Sammlung von „empfohlenen“ und „nicht zu empfehlenden“ Dateiformaten für die Langzeitarchivierung von Audio- und Videoformaten entstehen zu lassen, sondern Hilfsmittel zu entwickeln, die den Mitarbeitenden von Institutionen die Möglichkeit geben, Entscheidungen entsprechend der eigenen Vorgaben und Ressourcen zu treffen. Der vorliegende Datensatz bietet eine Vergleichsgrundlage für verschiedene digitale Formate, wobei Qualitätsabstufungen, Speichermenge und weitere technische Merkmale eines Videos in verschiedenen Formaten getestet wurden. Diese können eine Grundlage bei der Abschätzung des Kosten-Nutzen-Faktors in der Videoarchivierung liefern und pragmatische Entscheidungen bei der Formatwahl und Preservation Watch/Policy ermöglichen. Die Nachnutzung der vorliegenden Testbeispiele soll Entscheidungen bei der Wahl der geeigneten Formate für die Langzeitarchivierung von Videodateien für die Institutionen erleichtern, die nicht dezidiert auf die Archivierung von Videodateien spezialisiert sein. Wie die einzelnen zip-Archive und die darin enthaltenen Dateien verwendet und verstanden werden können, entnehmen Sie der beigefügten "read_me.txt"-Datei.Item type: Item , New Classes of Radial Basis Functions for Quasi-Interpolation(2025) Ortmann, MathisRadial basis functions (RBFs) are considered an important tool in numerical mathematics for approximating functions based on scattered data. They are often used as an interpolation method. In this process, a system of linear equations has to be solved. The size of the linear system is determined by the number of interpolation points. As the number of interpolation points increases, the solution tends to become numerically unstable, which results in the approximation of the function based on the scattered data becoming inaccurate. One possible approach to avoid this problem is provided by quasi-interpolation using RBFs. Quasi-interpolation is an efficient approximation method that does not require a system of linear equations to be solved. Just like interpolation with RBFs, quasi-interpolation is applied in arbitrary dimensions. Since many problems in industry and science are based on the approximation of scattered data, efficient approximation is regarded as a central task. With a rapidly increasing amount of available data, quasi-interpolation is gaining importance compared to classical interpolation. To compute the quasi-interpolation, a RBF has to be selected in advance. The approximation quality is affected by the selected RBF. The determination of an optimal RBF for a given approximation problem is considered an open research challenge. In this work, two new classes of RBFs are presented that are used to improve approximation by quasi-interpolation. The quality of an approximation is determined by the approximation order. A statement about the approximation order is provided by the Strang and Fix conditions. For their application, the asymptotic behavior of the distributional Fourier transform of the RBF is required. In addition to the two new classes of RBFs, a new class of non-RBFs is also introduced for use in quasi-interpolation. The analysis of approximation orders between RBFs and non-RBFs is fundamentally distinguished, and new approaches for further non-RBFs in quasi-interpolation are opened up. The results are shown to yield excellent convergence properties with low computational effort. The theoretical results presented are verified by numerical examples.Item type: Item , Development of a novel conditional gene expression system in the global pest Drosophila suzukii(2025) Jaffri, Syeda Azka SeharThe invasive pest D. suzukii causes significant economic losses to soft fruit crops worldwide. This study aims to improve the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), an ecofriendly pest management approach, by establishing the Q system in D. suzukii. The Q system provides regulated expression of any gene of interest and it allows the generation of transgenic lines with the ability to induce female-specific lethality. The objectives of this study were to isolate and characterize the endogenous pro-apoptotic and pre-embryonic genes of D. suzukii; to analyze gene expression profiles by RT-qPCR; to test the efficacy of pro-apoptotic genes, and embryonic promoters in S2 cells, both independently and in conjunction with Q system components; and to generate the transgenic D. suzukii strains carrying Q system elements for conditional lethality induction. The results of this study provide insights into the potential of pro-apoptotic genes and early embryonic promoter that can be used in conditional expression systems to control pest populations. Notably, transgenic lines of QUAS (the effector element) were successfully generated. However, the attempts to develop any transgenic lines with QF (the activation factor) were failed in D. suzukii. This may pose a very serious obstacle towards the viability of the Q system in this species.Item type: Item , Chromatic and luminance processing during eye movements in human early visual cortex(2025) Zhang, YuanHuman vision is not a passive process. Rather, our visual perception of the world emerges from a dynamic and adaptive interplay between sensory input and motor action, whereby perception continually guides movements, and these movements in turn reshape perceptual experience. Eye movements are essential for acquiring clear visual input in natural viewing. Despite substantial progress in understanding how eye movements are generated, controlled, and functionally organized, fundamental questions remain about how early visual processing is modulated by natural viewing behaviors, and how different types of eye movements influence neural mechanisms encoding color and luminance. This dissertation addresses these questions by combining precise neurophysiological measurement techniques with carefully controlled behavioral paradigms. Our eyes move frequently to keep objects of interest projected onto the fovea for a clear image. Among these movements, saccades are rapid, ballistic shifts of gaze that move the eyes from one location to another, while smooth pursuit keeps a moving target within the foveal region through continuous, slow eye rotations that closely match the target’s speed and direction. When the gaze is relatively stable and directed at a single point, the eye is in a state of fixation. These three types of eye movements are fundamental for acquiring visual information from the environment. Visual scenes are encoded by the L, M, and S cones in the retina and then relayed via three pathways: the magnocellular pathway (L+M, luminance), the parvocellular pathway (L–M, red-green opponency), and the koniocellular pathway (S–[L+M], blue-yellow opponency). These pathways transmit information in parallel up to the primary visual cortex (V1), where their signals are subsequently processed through partially distinct yet interacting cortical circuits (for reviews, see Gegenfurtner, 2003; S. H. C. Hendry & Reid, 2000; Nassi & Callaway, 2009). Given that V1 is the first cortical site where luminance and chromatic signals converge and begin to interact, a key unresolved question is how these signals are modulated by different types of eye movements during natural viewing. To explore the neural mechanisms underlying these processes, this thesis employed steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) to track neural responses in the early visual cortex. SSVEPs are brain oscillations elicited by periodic visual stimulation (Adrian & Matthews, 1934; for review, see Norcia et al., 2015), originating primarily from V1 (Di Russo et al., 2007; Müller et al., 1997). SSVEPs possess high temporal resolution and exhibit narrowband spectral responses locked precisely to the stimulation frequency, making them highly resistant to eye movement artifacts (e.g., J. Chen et al., 2017a, 2017b; J. Chen, Valsecchi, et al., 2019). Those properties make SSVEPs a reliable tool for studying visual processing in the human early visual cortex during eye movements. In Study 1, we investigated the effect of chromatic (L–M) adaptation during prolonged fixation. Results showed that SSVEP responses to chromatic stimuli progressively decrease as stimulation duration increased, following an exponential decay with a half-life of approximately 20 seconds. In contrast, responses to luminance stimuli did not show any systematic adaptation. After characterizing this sustained visual adaptation, Study 2 then investigated transient modulations of visual cortical responses induced by saccadic eye movements. Results demonstrated comparable saccadic suppression effects on SSVEP responses to both chromatic (L–M) and luminance stimuli. Further modeling of contrast response functions revealed that saccades selectively reduced response gain without altering contrast gain, suggesting that visual attenuation involves a multiplicative mechanism operating similarly within both the parvocellular and magnocellular pathways. To enhance the quality of SSVEP data, the third study evaluated various EEG referencing methods and introduced the Laplacian reference as an optimal strategy for signal derivation. Results showed that the Laplacian reference significantly improved the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and reliability of neural measurements, while also being straightforward to implement across different experimental settings. Taken together, these findings underscore the critical role of eye movements in modulating both luminance and chromatic signals within the early visual cortex. This work demonstrates that perception is dynamically shaped by the continuous interplay between sensory input and oculomotor behavior, offering new insights into how active vision operates under natural viewing conditions.