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Increased brightness assimilation in rod vision
(2025) Barrionuevo, Pablo A.; Schütz, Alexander C.; Gegenfurtner, Karl R.
Our visual system uses contextual cues to estimate the brightness of surfaces: brightness can shift toward (assimilation) or away from (contrast) the brightness of the surroundings. We investigated brightness induction at different light levels and found a potential influence of rod photoreceptors on brightness induction. We then used a novel tetrachromatic display to generate stimuli differentially exciting rods or cones at a fixed light adaptation level. Under rod vision, brightness assimilation was enhanced while brightness contrast was not altered in comparison to cone vision. We ruled out that this effect was mediated by the low resolution of night vision. Our findings suggest that rod vision affects the high-level interpretation of visual scenes that results in differences in brightness assimilation but not contrast. Our results imply that the visual system employs more perceptual inferences under rod vision than under cone vision to solve visual ambiguities in complex spatial displays.
Evaluation of the parasympathetic tone activity (PTA) for posttraumatic pain assessment in awake dogs before orthopaedic surgery : a prospective non-randomised clinical study
(2025) Billau, Eva Martha; Weniger, Max Bernhard Hubertus; Büttner, Kathrin; Tacke, Sabine; Müller, Eva Saskia
Study design: A prospective non-randomised clinical study. Animals: A study group with 18 posttraumatic dogs before surgery and a control group with nine healthy dogs. Methods: Two different examiners evaluated the pain using two multidimensional pain scales (the Canine Acute Pain Scale of the Colorado State University (CSU-CAPS) and the Modified Glasgow Pain Scale (MGPS)) before the administration of methadone. During the administration of methadone, the Parasympathetic Tone Activity (PTA) was measured. In the control group, the PTA was measured without administration of methadone. In the statistical evaluation, correlation between PTA value and pain scores, and the predictive value of the PTA value in determining whether the animal was classified as painful was investigated. In addition, the results of the different pain scales and the results of the different examiners were compared. Results: The average PTA values of the control group were 45.67 (± 13.64). Two of nine (22.22%) animals in the control group have their average PTA value above the ‘pain-free state’ of 50. The average PTA values of the study group were 56.16 (± 15.11) and 51.05 (± 13.24) before and after methadone administration, respectively. Comparing the average values of the study group 30 s before methadone administration with the average values of the control group, there was no significant difference (p = 0.5403). Examiner A (experienced) classified 14 of 16 animals (87.5%) with the CSU-CAPS, and examiner A2 (inexperienced) classified 7 of 16 patients (43.75%) as painful. In 56.25% of the cases, both examiners (A and A2) reached the same decision when using CSU-CAPS. When using the MGPS, 10 of 18 patients (55.56%) reached the intervention level regardless of the examiner. In 88.89% of the cases, the two examiners reached the same decision; there is a highly positive correlation between the two examiners (Spearman correlation coefficient rs = 0.84). There was no correlation between the monitor and score values of both pain scales with either examiner. Conclusion: The PTA monitor on the awake animal was not suitable for pain detection. There were no statistically significant correlations of PTA scores with pain scale scores, regardless of the examiner. Similarly, the tendency for the study group to have lower PTA scores indicates that PTA also appears to be influenced by environmental factors.
Characterization of German sheep production systems and derivation of respective economic values for breeding traits
(2025) Oberpenning, J.; Brügemann, K.; König, S.
The aim of this study was to derive economic weights for sheep breeding goal traits for specific cluster types. The herd clustering approach considered 25 German sheep herds including descriptors related to area-based factors, management factors, herd information and socio-economic characteristics. The evaluation criterion suggested the application of agglomerative hierarchical clustering with the respective allocation of 25 herds to 3 different clusters. The clusters mainly differed with regard to herd size, production focus, and organic versus conventional management practices. The ongoing contingent valuation approach to derive cluster specific economic weights for 12 breeding goal traits based on the willingness to pay (WTP) considering 25 German sheep farmers, a hypothetical budget of 1000 € for the improvement of a trait per 1 genetic SD, and linear mixed model applications. Significant cluster differences for the WTP (P < 0.01) were only identified for the trait feed utilisation with regard to clusters 2 (least-squares mean = 101.65 €) and 3 (least-squares mean = 9.46 €). Least-squares means for individual breeding goal traits were summed up into four overall breeding goal categories. The highest trait importance was expressed for “functional”, but displaying a variation among cluster. All clusters rated the trait category “health and welfare” including tail length very similar (range from 24 % to 29 %), with even stronger emphasize on “health and welfare” over “performance” in clusters 1 and 3. In consequence, we suggest to modify sheep breeding goals with a shift from production towards health, welfare and functionality, by consideration of production system particularities.
Development of heart-sparing VMAT radiotherapy technique incorporating heart substructures for advanced NSCLC patients
(2025) Agolli, Linda; Exeli, Ann-Katrin; Schneider, Uwe; Ihne-Schubert, Sandra Michaela; Lurtz, Andreas; Habermehl, Daniel
Objective To investigate the feasibility of active heart sparing (AHS) planning in patients with locally advanced and centrally located NSCLC receiving standard definitive radiotherapy (RT), while maintaining or improving appropriate lung, esophagus, and spinal cord constraints and planning target volume (PTV) coverage intent. Methods and materials A total of 27 patients with stage IIIA/B NSCLC treated with curative intent RT were selected for this analysis. All existing radiation plans were revised and 27 further new equivalent plans were calculated using AHS for the same cohort of patients. Primary end-point was feasibility of AHS using constraints for heart substructures. The secondary end point was to calculate the difference in terms of dosimetric parameters of heart substructures and principal OARs as well as PTV-coverage parameters within the current patient group. Results AHS was feasible in the entire group of patients. An optimal coverage of the target volume was obtained and all mandatory constraints for OARs have been met. The median value of the mean heart dose (MHD) was 8.18 Gy and 6.71 Gy in the standard planning group and AHS-group, respectively (p = 0.000). Other heart parameters such as V5Gy (40.57% vs. 27.7%; p = 0.000) and V30Gy (5.39% vs. 3.86%; p = 0.000) were significantly worse in the standard planning group. The following relevant dosimetric parameters regarding heart substructures were found to be significantly worse in the standard planning group compared to the AHS-group: median dose to heart base (16.97 Gy vs. 6.37 Gy, p = 0.000), maximum dose (18.64 Gy vs. 6.05 Gy, p = 0.000) and V15Gy (11.11% vs. 0% p = 0.000) to LAD; mean dose; V5Gy (9.55% vs. 0.94%, p = 0.000) and V23Gy (0.00% vs. 0.00% maximum 45.68% vs. 6.57%, p = 0.002 to the left ventricle. Conclusion Our analysis showed an improvement of dosimetric parameters of the heart and heart substructures in patients affected by locally advanced and centrally located NSCLC treated with curative RT using AHS optimization. This approach could lead to a possible reduction of heart events and a prolonged survival. New clinical studies regarding RT in advanced NSCLC should include cardiologic evaluations and biomarkers as well as the contouring of cardiac substructures.
Der Effekt von Lipopolysaccharid auf die Chemo- und Radiotherapiesensibilität des nicht-kleinzelligen Lungenkarzinoms in vitro
(2025) Lampey, Julia Dorothea
Das nicht-kleinzellige Lungenkarzinom stellt eine der häufigsten Krebstodesursachen in Deutschland dar. Die Therapie erfolgt stadienabhängig. Eine chirurgische Resektion, eine cisplatinbasierte Chemo- und/oder Strahlentherapie sowie eine Immuntherapie sind hierbei etabliert. Pulmonale Infektionen mit gramnegativen Bakterien, die Lipopolysaccharide als wichtigen Pathogenitätsfaktor in der äußeren Membran enthalten, führen zu einem Überlebensnachteil der betroffenen Patienten. Daher wurde in dieser Arbeit untersucht, inwiefern LPS die Ansprache der NSCLC-Zelllinie A549 in vitro auf das Chemotherapeutikum Cisplatin sowie auf Bestrahlung beeinflusst. Das relative Überleben unter Cisplatin wurde im Koloniebildungstest und im MTS-Assay untersucht, wobei die Behandlung mit LPS keinen Einfluss auf die Cisplatinsensibilität der Zelllinie A549 zeigte. Das klonogene Überleben unter Bestrahlung wurde im Koloniebildungstest untersucht, wobei LPS zu einer Steigerung des klonogenen Überlebens und somit zu einer Strahlenresistenz der Zelllinie A549 führte. In einem zur Untersuchung der in die LPS-induzierte Strahlenresistenz involvierten Mechanismen durchgeführten humanen Phospho-Kinase Array nahm die Phosphorylierung von ERK1/2 unter LPS sowie unter LPS und Bestrahlung zu, was mittels Western Blot bestätigt werden konnte. Die funktionelle Rolle von ERK1/2 in der LPS-induzierten Strahlenresistenz konnte im Folgenden nachgewiesen werden, da der Überlebensvorteil der mit LPS-behandelten Zellen unter Bestrahlung im Koloniebildungstest durch die Inhibition von ERK1/2 wieder aufgehoben war. Die Wirksamkeit des Inhibitors konnte mittels Western Blot bestätigt werden. Das mittels ELISA quantifizierte proinflammatorische Interleukin-8 erwies sich dabei als durch LPS induzierbares Genprodukt, dessen vermehrte Synthese unter gleichzeitiger Bestrahlung eine partielle Abhängigkeit von ERK1/2 unterstellt werden konnte. Zusammenfassend induzierte LPS in der NSCLC-Zelllinie A549 keine Cisplatinresistenz, jedoch eine Strahlenresistenz. Als mögliche involvierte Mechanismen wurden die gesteigerte Phosphorylierung von ERK1/2 und eventuell die damit verbundene, vermehrte Synthese von IL-8 identifiziert. Die Inhibition von ERK1/2 führte zu einer Aufhebung der LPS-induzierten Strahlenresistenz. Somit könnte eine Kombination von Bestrahlung mit ERK1/2-Inhibitoren eine potentielle Behandlungsstrategie für Patienten mit einem nicht-kleinzelligen Lungenkarzinom darstellen, die zusätzlich unter pulmonalen bakteriellen Infektionen leiden.