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Item type: Item , Exploring the interactions of glyphosate in soil: the sorption scenario upon soil depletion and effect on waterleaf (Talinum triangulare) growth(2024) Diagboya, Paul N.; Olu-Owolabi, Bamidele I.; Düring, Rolf-AlexanderThe pesticide glyphosate has contributed immensely to the ease of farming and high yields. However, the ever-increasing environmental input of pesticides is of particular interest due to several unintended effects on non-target organisms. In soil, the sorption, transport, possible uptake, and effect on plant growth are still not well understood, and much so for the sub-Sahara. Sorption processes are contingent on the soil composition, characteristics, and ambient conditions, and these are becoming increasingly affected by climate change in a way that may alter pesticide fate. Hence, representative sub-Saharan whole soil (WS) treated to eliminate organic matter (OMR) and iron oxides (IOR) was employed to ascertain the contributions of these major constituents to glyphosate sorption processes, as well as ascertain the effect of glyphosate in soil on the growth of Talinum triangulare–waterleaf. Glyphosate sorption for all treatments was rapid with equilibrium at around 720 min. The sorption decreased as pH increased, and was concentration-dependent, gradually increasing with glyphosate concentration. The process was endothermic, and sorption data were better described by the fractal pseudo-second-order and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models, suggesting a complex interplay of interactive sorption forces. The IOR sample (with iron oxide depleted but organic matter intact) exhibited higher sorption than the OMR and WS, highlighting the contribution of organic matter in glyphosate sorption. Hysteresis was high for all samples and increased with temperature. Considering the unregulated usage of glyphosate in the sub-Sahara, the poor sorption, especially in treated soils, observed in this study suggests a high possibility of glyphosate leaching into the aquifer and poisoning of this water source, while the high hysteresis implied the bio-availability of glyphosate in surface soil for plant absorption, hence affecting growth; as confirmed in the waterleaf growth study where growth in the organic-matter/iron-oxide-depleted soils was substantially stunted. Hence, glyphosate affects waterleaf growth, especially in organic-matter/iron-oxide-depleted soils.Item type: Item , Skin Transillumination Improves Peripheral Vein Cannulation by Residents in Neonates: A Randomized Controlled Trial(2024) Hinterstein, Samantha; Ehrhardt, Harald; Zimmer, Klaus-Peter; Windhorst, Anita Cornelia; Kappesser, Judith; Hermann, Christiane; Schuler, Rahel; Waitz, MarkusIntroduction: Establishing peripheral vein access is challenging for pediatric residents and a painful procedure for neonates. We assessed the efficacy of a red light-emitting diode transilluminator during peripheral vein catheter insertion performed by pediatric residents. Methods: Patients were stratified by current weight (≤1,500 g, >1,500 g) and randomized to the transillumination or the control group. The first three attempts were performed by pediatric residents, followed by three attempts by a neonatologist. The primary outcome was success at first attempt. Secondary comparisons included time to successful insertion and overall success rates of residents and neonatologists. Results: A total of 559 procedures were analyzed. The success rate at resident’s first attempt was 44/93 (47%) with transillumination versus 44/90 (49%) without transillumination (p = 0.88) in the strata ≤1,500 g and 103/188 (55%) with transillumination versus 64/188 (34%) without transillumination in the strata >1,500 g (p < 0.001). The overall success rate for residents was 86% in the transillumination versus 73% in the control group in the strata >1,500 g (p = 0.003) but not different in the strata ≤1,500 g (78/93 [84%] vs. 72/90 [80%], p = 0.57). There was no effect when the experience level of residents exceeded 6 months. Neonatologists’ overall success rate and time to successful cannulation did not differ significantly in both weight strata. Conclusion: Transillumination improves the first-attempt success rate of peripheral vein cannulation performed by pediatric residents in neonates >1,500 g, while no benefit was found in infants ≤1,500 g.Item type: Item , The role of small open reading frames in Shewanella oneidensis phage λSo in host takeover and phage proliferation(2025-08) Thöneböhn, Svenja WiebkeBakteriophagen stellen die am weitesten verbreiteten biologischen Entitäten auf der Erde dar. Sie üben einen immensen Einfluss auf die mikrobiellen Ökosysteme nahezu aller Le-bensräume aus, insbesondere durch die Regulation bakterieller Populationen. Die meisten Phagen verfolgen dabei eine von zwei gut charakterisierten Strategien zur Wirtsausbeu-tung: den lytischen oder den lysogenen Zyklus. Die Lyse der Wirtszelle bildet dabei das finale und für die Phagenfitness zentrale Ereignis beider Strategien. Der temperente Phage λSo ist einer von vier bekannten Prophagen im Genom von Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 und weist eine Genomgröße von etwa 51 kbp auf. Im lysogenen Lebenszyklus ist λSo in das Wirtsgenom integriert und repliziert synchron mit der Wirtszelle. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte das Lysesystem von λSo als ein Pinholin-SAR-Endolysin-Zwei-Komponenten-Spanin-System charakterisiert werden. Das Holin-Protein SSo besitzt zwei Transmembrandomänen und generiert durch einen alternativen Translationsstart einen antagonistischen Isoform, welche als Antiholin fungiert und eine präzise zeitliche Regulation der Zelllyse ermöglicht. Ergänzend zum Pin-holin und dem SAR-Endolysin ist ein Zwei-Komponenten-Spanin-System erforderlich, bestehend aus einem inneren Membranprotein (i-Spanin, RzSo) und einem äu-ßeren Membranprotein (o-Spanin, Rz1So). Die entsprechenden Gene liegen in einer über-lappenden Leserasterstruktur vor und bilden vermutlich funktional einen Dimer aus zwei Dimeren, der die Fusion der inneren und äußeren Membran ermöglicht. Darüber hinaus konnte durch diese Arbeit gezeigt werden, dass weitere, bislang uncharakterisierte Genprodukte an der Zelllyse beteiligt sind. Viele Phagen enthalten zahlreiche Gene, die die für Proteine unterschiedlicher Größe kodieren, deren Funktion derzeit nicht klar ist. Das Genom von λSo enthält unter anderem ein Gencluster, Cluster C, dessen Deletion zu einer drastischen Abnahme der Pro-duktion von Plaque-bildenden Einheiten führt. Das Cluster besteht aus sechs Genen (lcc1 - lcc6), die für eher kleine Proteine im Bereich von 41 bis 137 Aminosäuren kodieren und keine offensichtliche Homologien zu bekannten Proteindomänen aufweisen. Zwei der Proteine, Lcc4 und Lcc6, besitzen vermutlich eine Transmembrandomäne. Das Protein Lcc6 konnte als zentraler Faktor in der Phagen- induzierten Zelllyse identifiziert werden. In lcc6-Deletionstämmen führte die Induktion desItem type: Item , Toxascaris leonina in dogs – A nematode species of high prevalence in some regions of Eurasia(2024) Bauer, Christian; Lider, Lyudmila A.; Ussenbayev, Altay E.; Seitkamzina, Dinara M.; Zhanabayev, Asylbek A.; Maksimov, Pavlo; Knaus, MartinA recent meta-analysis of studies from around the world had shown a global prevalence of Toxascaris leonina in stray dogs of about 7%. However, studies from Eurasian regions, where higher percentages of positive dogs were often found, were under-represented in this meta-analysis. This prompted the present study. Its main objective was to examine free-roaming dogs from the capital city of Kazakhstan to obtain information on the current occurrence of T. leonina egg shedding compared to Toxocara spp. Faecal samples from 500 free-roaming dogs from the city of Astana and its suburbs were collected 1–2 days after admission to the municipal animal shelter during three time periods (May to October 2019, September 2020, and April 2021). Samples were examined by a saline flotation method. Nematode egg-positive samples were subjected to a modified McMaster method to determine the number of eggs per gram of faeces (EPG). Toxascaris leonina eggs were found in 53.8% and Toxocara spp. eggs in 14.8% of the dogs examined. The prevalence of T. leonina egg shedding was significantly associated with age class but not with sex: dogs aged between 6 months and 2 years were more likely to be T. leonina egg positive than puppies. The intensity of T. leonina egg shedding was also age dependent: dogs aged between 6 months and 2 years had significantly higher EPGs compared to younger or older animals. In contrast, the prevalence of Toxocara spp. egg shedding was associated with both age class and sex: dogs older than 2 years were less likely to shed Toxocara spp. eggs than puppies, and females were less likely to be Toxocara spp. egg positive compared to males. The present results confirm those of other studies in Eurasian regions. It is therefore reasonable to assume that the global prevalence of T. leonina infection has been underestimated and should be revised accordingly.Item type: Item , Transect sampling for soil organic carbon monitoring in temperate alley cropping systems - A review and standardized guideline(2024) Minarsch, Eva-Maria L.; Schierning, Philip; Wichern, Florian; Gattinger, Andreas; Weckenbrock, PhilippAgroforestry systems provide significant ecosystem services, including soil organic carbon sequestration. However, the structural complexity of these systems must be considered when taking samples. In particular, when sampling in the tree- and arable- or grassland strips of alley cropping systems (ACS), different levels of tree influence must be taken into account. The heterogeneity of soil sampling approaches in ACS has been creating challenges for comparability and the integration of findings in meta-analyses. Furthermore, some of the sampling approaches have led to biases of over- or underestimation of the tree influence for the whole system. We evaluated 48 studies of a published meta-analysis on soil organic carbon sequestration in temperate agroforestry systems, to identify, document and quantify potential biases associated with transect soil sampling in ACS. In all of the 23 transect designs evaluated in detail, at least one of the six identified biases was observed. Overall, 10 out of the 23 transect designs did not include soil sampling in the tree strip, which may lead to an underestimation of the tree influence. On the other hand, an overestimation of the tree influence may occur when the tree- and arable strips are not weighted for their respective area shares, which was considered only in three transect designs. To address the identified biases and enhance the accuracy and comparability of soil organic carbon analyses in ACS we propose a standardized guideline for transect sampling in temperate ACS.