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Region-specific ups and downs in mitochondrial numerical densities during Alzheimer's disease progression : a pilot study in human brains
(2026) Balsliemke, Anna-Lena; Ahlemeyer, Barbara; Schmidt, Eugen; Acker, Till; Schänzer, Anne; Baumgart-Vogt, Eveline
Background: Mitochondrial dysfunction is an important pathogenic factor in Alzheimer´s disease (AD) progression. Most studies analysed disturbances in the mitochondrial metabolism and oxidative stress or focussed on mitochondrial dynamics such as mitochondrial trafficking, fusion-fission and mitophagy. Objective: Very limited data exist regarding changes in the mitochondrial numerical density at different levels of AD neuropathologic changes (ADNC) in human brains. Methods: Mitochondrial numerical densities were analysed by morphometry using the marker protein ATP5B in sections of 13 brain areas of 8 patients with either low, mid or high ADNC, 6 patients with tauopathy and 10 control patients. Patient samples were classified according to the ABC score. Results: In comparison to control patients, we detected increases in mitochondrial densities at low (not in all cases), mid and high ADNC in neurons of the frontal (25%) and temporal (11%) neocortices, pontine nuclei (30%) and Purkinje neurons of the cerebellum (30%). Contrarily, mitochondrial densities decreased by 20% in hippocampal neurons of the entorhinal cortex and CA3 region at mid and high ADNC. Only minor changes occurred in other brain regions investigated (e.g., parietal and occipital neocortices, inferior olive, substantia nigra, striatum). In tauopathy patients, changes in mitochondrial densities were comparable to those in AD patients, except for a stronger decrease in the entorhinal cortex (40%) and a greater increase in the temporal neocortex (30%). Conclusions: In the neocortex, primarily affected by extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits, mitochondrial densities in neurons increased, whereas they decreased in the hippocampus, at first enriched in intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.
Reading between the pixels : expertise, textual information, and affect in aesthetic judgement of VR-art
(2026) Gotthardt, Karina Aylin; Rakoczy, Katrin; Tallon, Miles; Seitz, Matthias; Frick, Ulrich
This study delves into the transferability of aesthetic judgment influences from analog art viewing to a Virtual Reality (VR) setting, recognizing that art expertise typically enhances aesthetic judgement through increased positive affect. Additionally, it was anticipated that the relationship between art expertise and positive affect would be moderated by the type of textual information provided, positing that different types of texts (affective vs. stylistic) would activate different processing routes in novices versus art experts. Our findings reveal that while expertise continues to play a crucial role in shaping aesthetic judgment through positive affect, the anticipated moderation by textual information type did not materialize. The VR context might amplify the impact of affective texts on positive affect, or likewise decrease the impact of stylistic information, irrespective of expertise levels. These results underline how virtual art could leverage human emotions to enhance the viewer's experience.
Radiotherapy-based multimodal treatment in advanced NSCLC with spinal infiltration : a case series of seven unfavorable patients
(2026) Agolli, Linda; Eul, Bastian; Prüfer, Diethard; Harth, Sebastian; Gattenlöhner, Stefan; Habermehl, Daniel
Background: Locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC) with spinal invasion presents a rare but challenging clinical scenario. Radical surgical approaches, though potentially curative, are often not feasible due to comorbidities, advanced age, poor performance status or technical inoperability. In this setting, the optimal multimodal treatment strategy including radiotherapy (RT) and systemic treatment remains to be fully defined. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed seven patients with stage III/IV NSCLC and radiologically confirmed spinal invasion treated between 2023 and 2025. Treatment modalities included radiotherapy, systemic therapy, and surgical procedures. Patients were retrospectively stratified using the prognostic scoring system proposed by Lei et al. to assess clinical outcomes by risk group. Results: Four patients were classified as low-risk (score 4–5), and three as intermediate-risk (score 6–7); no patients fell into the high-risk category. Two low-risk patients showed favorable outcomes, including long-term survival and disease stability, while two succumbed to local progression. All intermediate-risk patients died within 5–13 months due to disease progression. Radical surgery was not feasible in any case. Timely treatment initiation and multidisciplinary care were associated with improved outcomes in selected patients. Conclusion: RT-based multimodal treatment appears feasible in selected unfavorable patients with advanced NSCLC and spinal infiltration who are not candidates for radical surgery. The prognostic score can help in risk stratification, though timely therapeutic decision-making is equally critical. However, due to the small sample size, the impact on survival remains uncertain and requires validation in larger studies.
Impact of particle charge and electrorheology-effects on dust-acoustic waves in low pressure complex plasma under microgravity
(2025) Wimmer, L; Dormagen, N; Klein, M; Kretschmer, M; Lipaev, A M; Schwarz, M; Usachev, A D; Petrov, O F; Zobnin, A V; Thoma, M H
This study investigates the influence of particle charge and electrorheological (ER) effects on microparticle dynamics and dust-acoustic wave propagation in low-pressure complex plasmas under microgravity conditions. Experiments were conducted using PK-4 during parabolic flights and onboard the International Space Station to analyze dust particle behavior in direct current (DC) and DC polarity switching discharge plasma. Key findings reveal that variations in particle charge potential and ER effects significantly affect particle dynamics, especially at different gas pressures. Specifically, we validated a dimensionless charge potential of z = 0.34 ± 0.17 in a DC neon plasma discharge, noting a rapid increase in this potential at pressures below 15 Pa. Furthermore, we observed a reduction in charge of up to 50% due to quadrupole effects induced by polarity switching. These results provide critical insights into plasma behavior in microgravity and the role of external electric fields in particle interactions.
Investigation of charge and ion drag force dynamics in complex plasma experiments with neon and argon under microgravity
(2025) Wimmer, L; Beppler, S; Dormagen, N; Klein, M; Kretschmer, M; Lipaev, A M; Schwarz, M; Usachev, A D; Petrov, O F; Zeller, T A; Zobnin, A V; Thoma, M H
In complex dusty plasmas, micron-sized particles immersed in ionized gas acquire a significant negative charge and experience various forces. One of the primary forces acting on these particles is the ion drag force. The PK-4 facility aboard the International Space Station enables precise studies of such systems under microgravity. During campaigns #17 and #18, we investigated the ion drag force on 3.4 µm melamine-formaldehyde microparticles in argon and neon plasmas across a pressure range of 10–120 Pa. We combined experimental data with advanced machine learning techniques and ion drag force modeling. This allowed us to evaluate and improve theoretical models, including an analytical approach for weak and intermediate ion coupling, as well as a hybrid model that incorporates kinetic simulations. Our results reveal a pronounced enhancement of the ion drag force measured at low pressures (below 30 Pa), especially in neon, where ion collisions and drift velocities significantly affect particle dynamics. These findings emphasize the role of ion-neutral collisions and plasma composition in determining dust-plasma interactions, offering new insight into the limitations of existing theoretical models and the need for gas-specific model refinements.