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Item type: Item , Clinical Characterization of Arrhythmia-Induced Cardiomyopathy in Patients With Tachyarrhythmia and Idiopathic Heart Failure(2024) Schach, Christian; Körtl, Thomas; Zeman, Florian; Luttenberger, Bianca; Mühleck, Franziska; Baum, Paul; Lavall, Daniel; Vosshage, Nicola H.; Resch, Markus; Ripfel, Sarah; Meindl, Christine; Ücer, Ekrem; Hamer, Okka W.; Baessler, Andrea; Arzt, Michael; Koller, Michael; Sohns, Christian; Maier, Lars S.; Wachter, Rolf; Sossalla, SamuelBackground: Arrhythmia-induced cardiomyopathy (AIC) is a known entity, but prospective evidence for its characterization is limited. Objectives: This study aimed to: 1) determine the relative frequency of the pure form of AIC in the clinically relevant cohort of patients with newly diagnosed, otherwise unexplained left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) and tachyarrhythmia; 2) assess the time to recovery from LVSD; and 3) identify parameters for an early diagnosis of AIC. Methods: Patients were prospectively included, underwent effective rhythm restoration, and were followed-up at 2, 4, and 6 months to evaluate clinical characteristics, biomarkers, and cardiac imaging including cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Patients with recurred arrhythmia were excluded from analysis. Results: 41 of 50 patients were diagnosed with AIC 6 months after rhythm restoration. Left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction increased 2 months after rhythm restoration from 35.4% ± 8.2% to 52.7% ± 8.0% in AIC patients vs 37.0% ± 9.5% to 43.3% ± 7.0% in non-AIC patients. From month 2 to 6, LV ejection fraction continued to increase in AIC patients (57.2% ± 6.1%; P < 0.001) but remained stable in non-AIC patients (44.0% ± 7.8%; P = 0.628). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that lower LV end-diastolic diameter at baseline could be used for early diagnosis of AIC, whereas biomarkers and other morphological or functional parameters, including late LV gadolinium enhancement, did not show suitability for early diagnosis. Conclusions: We observed a high prevalence of AIC in patients with otherwise unexplained LVSD and concomitant tachyarrhythmia, suggesting that this condition may be underdiagnosed in clinical practice. Most patients recovered fast, within months, from LVSD. A low initial LV end-diastolic diameter may constitute an early marker for diagnosis of AIC.Item type: Item , Alpha- and betacoronavirus cis-acting RNA elements(2024) Madhugiri, Ramakanth; Nguyen, Hoang Viet; Slanina, Heiko; Ziebuhr, JohnCoronaviruses have exceptionally large RNA genomes and employ multiprotein replication/transcription complexes to orchestrate specific steps of viral RNA genome replication and expression. Most of these processes involve viral cis-acting RNA elements that are engaged in vital RNA–RNA and/or RNA–protein interactions. Over the past years, a large number of studies provided interesting new insight into the structures and, to a lesser extent, functions of specific RNA elements for representative coronaviruses, and there is evidence to suggest that (a majority of) these RNA elements are conserved across genetically divergent coronavirus genera. It is becoming increasingly clear that at least some of these elements do not function in isolation but operate through complex and highly dynamic RNA–RNA interactions. This article reviews structural and functional aspects of cis-acting RNA elements conserved in alpha- and betacoronavirus 5'- and 3'-terminal genome regions, focusing on their critical roles in viral RNA synthesis and gene expression.Item type: Item , The EPPO/OLAF compendium of national procedures: Romania(2025) Hauck, Pierre; Schneider, Jan-MartinThis Romanian EPPO/OLAF volume comprises a collection of EU and Romanian legislation relating to EU fraud investigations. It deals with EU fraud typologies, possible EPPO/OLAF measures in Romania, and relevant Romanian precedents. The first part of this volume covers the national legal situation with regard to EPPO investigations according to Art. 26—33 of the EPPO-Regulation. The second part of the volume deals with OLAF investigations in Romania including relevant national law and co-operation with national partners.Item type: Item , Concept of a six-fold multiplex planar bioassay to distinguish endocrine agonist, antagonist, cytotoxic and false-positive responses(2024) Meyer, Daniel; Morlock, Gertrud E.To analyze a complex sample for endocrine activity, different tests must be performed to clarify androgen/estrogen agonism, antagonism, cytotoxicity, anti-cytotoxicity, and corresponding false-positive reactions. This means a large amount of work. Therefore, a six-fold planar multiplex bioassay concept was developed to evaluate up to the mentioned six endpoints or mechanisms simultaneously in the same sample analysis. Separation of active constituents from interfering matrix via high-performance thin-layer chromatography and effect differentiation via four vertical stripes (of agonists and end-products of the respective enzyme–substrate reaction) applied along each separated sample track were key to success. First, duplex endocrine bioassay versions were established. For the androgen/anti-androgen bioassay applied via piezoelectric spraying, the mean limit of biological detection of bisphenol A was 14 ng/band and its mean half maximal inhibitory concentration IC50 was 116 ng/band. Applied to trace analysis of six migrate samples from food packaging materials, 19 compound zones with agonistic or antagonistic estrogen/androgen activities were detected, with up to seven active compound zones within one migrate. For the first time, the S9 metabolism of endocrine effective compounds was studied on the same surface and revealed partial deactivation. Coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry, molecular formulas were tentatively assigned to compounds, known to be present in packaging materials or endocrine active or previously unknown. Finally, the detection of cytotoxicity/anti-cytotoxicity and false-positives was integrated into the duplex androgen/anti-androgen bioassay. The resulting six-fold multiplex planar bioassay was evaluated with positive control standards and successfully applied to one migrate sample. The streamlined stripe concept for multiplex planar bioassays made it possible to assign different mechanisms to individual active compounds in a complex sample. The concept is generic and can be transferred to other assays.Item type: Item , The EPPO/OLAF compendium of national procedures: Poland(2025) Hauck, Pierre; Schneider, Jan-MartinPoland does not participate in the EPPO mechanism, but cooperates with OLAF. Therefore, this Polish EPPO/OLAF volume, introduced by Dominika Czerniak, discusses the specific attitude of Polish legislation towards the PIF acquis sector, Title V of the TFEU, the importance of Art. 587 (European Investigation Order) of the Polish Code of Criminal Procedure and the newly inserted Art. 615a. It also contains an analysis and compilation of the EU and Polish legislation on EU fraud offenses. These relevant laws are dealt with in the first chapter of this volume. The Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) and its national partners carry out investigative missions, which are the subject of the second part of the book.