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Item type: Item , Different Treatment Outcomes of Multiple Sclerosis Patients Receiving Ocrelizumab or Ofatumumab(2025) Meuth, Sven G.; Wolff, Stephanie; Mück, Anna; Willison, Alice; Kleinschnitz, Konstanze; Räuber, Saskia; Pawlitzki, Marc; Konen, Franz Felix; Skripuletz, Thomas; Grothe, Matthias; Ruck, Tobias; Huttner, Hagen B.; Kleinschnitz, Christoph; Bopp, Tobias; Pul, Refik; Cree, Bruce A. C.; Hartung, Hans-Peter; Möllenhoff, Kathrin; Pfeuffer, SteffenObjective: B-cell–depletion via CD20 antibodies is a safe and effective treatment for active relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS). Both ocrelizumab (OCR) and ofatumumab (OFA) have demonstrated efficacy in randomized controlled trials and are approved for treatment of RMS, yet nothing is known on their comparative effectiveness, especially in the real-world setting. Methods: This prospective cohort study includes patients that were started on either OCR or OFA between September 2021 and December 2023. Patients were followed until June 2024 and recruited at 3 large tertiary centers in Germany (Duesseldorf, Essen, and Giessen). Propensity-score-matching was used to address baseline imbalances among patients. Clinical relapses, presence of new or enlarging MRI lesions and 6-month confirmed disability worsening were evaluated. Non-inferiority of OFA compared to OCR was evaluated through comparison of Kaplan–Meier-estimates. Results: A total of 1,138 patients were initially enrolled in the cohort. Following patient selection and propensity-score-matching, 544 OCR and 417 OFA patients were included in the final analysis. In our primary analysis, OFA was non-inferior to OCR in terms of relapses, disability progression, and accrual of MRI lesions. Subgroup analyses confirmed findings in previously naïve and platform-treated patients. Potential differences between OFA and OCR were seen in patients switching from S1P receptor modulators or natalizumab. Conclusion: We here provide comparative data on the effectiveness of OCR and OFA in patients with active RMS. OFA was non-inferior to OCR in the overall cohort. Potential differences observed in patients switching from S1P receptor modulators or natalizumab require further validation.Item type: Item , Individual Shrimp Rearing Increases the Power of Experimental Trials(2025) Wilke, Thomas; Bendag, Slim; Barth, Annalena; Reinold, Tim; Schubert, PatrickComparable and reproducible research is needed to improve Pacific white shrimp (PWS) aquaculture. These experiments typically involve before-and-after measurements of the same individual for paired statistical testing. However, marking shrimp with external or internal tags is challenging, especially for juveniles. A possible alternative is to rear shrimp individually in single-shrimp systems. While such systems may also prevent competitive interactions, PWS are considered social animals and individual rearing may negatively affect social behavior. Therefore, the general goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of single-shrimp versus multi-shrimp systems on the survival, growth, and welfare of juvenile PWS using a randomized controlled trial with group sizes of one, three, and five individuals. We found that shrimp kept individually had a higher survival rate, higher final body weights and lengths, and longer antennae than shrimp kept in groups of three or five. The incidence of eye cataracts was not significantly different among groups. Based on these results, we conclude that the individual rearing of juvenile PWS has no negative effects on survival, growth, or welfare. Therefore, a single-shrimp system could be an alternative to individually marked shrimp to allow paired statistical testing in experimental trials, especially when using post-larvae or juvenile specimens.Item type: Item , Multi-Stage Reconstructive Surgery of the Eyeball with No Light Perception After Severe Open Globe Injury(2025) Lytvynchuk, Lyubomyr; Ponomarov, Makar; Carlos Reyna, Erick; Stieger, Knut; Andrassi-Darida, MonikaPurpose: To analyze the visual and anatomical outcomes of multi-stage reconstructive surgery of the eyeball with no light perception (NLP) in patients after severe open globe injury (OGI). Patients and methods: In this retrospective consecutive case series study, medical records of patients with severe OGI with visual loss up to NLP, who were referred to our clinic between February 1, 2016, and March 30, 2021, were included. The analysis of epidemiologic data, type and severity of OGI, timing and type of surgical treatment, and anatomical and functional results was performed. Results: Nine patients met our inclusion criteria. The mean age was 52 years (range 34– 78 years). Mean follow-up was 24 months (range 1– 56 months). Estimated mean best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 2.92 LogMAR immediate after trauma, 2.27 LogMAR before reconstructive anterior segment surgery and 2.42 LogMAR at last follow-up. The functional gain after the primary repair was highly significant (p 0.005), but a non-significant gain was seen at the last follow-up. Retina reattachment was achieved in most of the cases (6/7, 85.7%), but these remained silicone oil dependent (5/6, 83.33%). In all cases, it was possible to prevent primary enucleation. Conclusion: The multi-stage reconstructive surgical approach allowed for saving the eyes and improved the functional and anatomical condition. Despite the severity of OGI and NLP, an early surgical intervention should be considered by experienced surgeons.Item type: Item , Einfluss inflammatorischer Stimuli auf das kardiomyozytäre Differenzierungspotential mesenchymaler Stammzellen(2024) Hellwig, YuliyaThe results of this project show that an inflammatory environment impairs the cardiac differentiation of stem cells. The meta-analyses show that stem cell therapies significantly reduce mortality and improve LVEF moderately, but significantly. However, the effect that was hoped for, namely the regeneration of infarcted tissue, does not materialize. The results of this study show that the inflammatory environment prevailing after a heart attack has a negative effect on the cardiac differentiation of stem cells. Modulation of the inflammatory niche could improve the cardiac differentiation rate of stem cells and thus achieve regeneration of the damaged myocardium. Further studies could focus on identifying factors that interfere with cardiac differentiation more precisely. Another starting point for research could be the modulation of inflammation, which would lead to better differentiation of the injected stem cells.Item type: Item , Land access and feeding strategies in post-Soviet livestock husbandry: Evidence from a rangeland system in Kazakhstan(2024) Robinson, Sarah; Petrick, MartinContext: Feeding strategy is a major dimension of intensification and largely determines the environmental and economic impacts of livestock production systems, in particular concerning land use competition, greenhouse gas emissions and rural livelihoods. Literature suggests that a key driver of intensification is increasing population density – associated with decreased labor costs, shifts in demand and institutional and political change; whilst at the household level farmer education and market access are also important. However, the topic has not been addressed in the rangelands of post-Soviet Eurasia, where vast underused pasture resources may be reclaimed, but improved feeding is also a key aim of agricultural policy. Objectives: We aim to firstly describe the extent to which land users in an extensive rangeland system in Kazakhstan exploit pastures, arable land or markets to feed their animals, and secondly to explore the determinants of these decisions. Methods: We identify three potential strategies: self-production of roughage or concentrate, purchase of these inputs, or expansion of pasture use through mobile pastoralism. We then investigate the determinants of these feeding strategies and their interactions, including variables capturing farm and farmer characteristics, access to land and other assets and outcomes of post-independence reforms. We examine the factors determining the three feeding strategies using a farm survey dataset from south-eastern Kazakhstan to estimate a simultaneous equation system, considering herd size as an endogenous variable. Results and Conclusions: Herd size combined with access to land for fodder production largely determines how producers feed their livestock. Barriers to the substitution of pasture for purchased or self-produced fodder include cropland access, distance from markets, and credit availability, so that use of remote and seasonal pastures is the major feeding strategy employed by larger producers. Access to both arable land and pasture is dependent on land reform outcomes, which constrain farmers' livestock feeding decisions today. Other factors such as farmer education, human population density and household labor are less important. Significance: Grazing expansion strategies employed by farmers studied here differ from those based on external input use observed in many regions of the world. Instead, they reflect the continuing importance of pastoral resources in rangeland environments implying important trade-offs to intensification which merit further study.