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Item type: Item , Venom variation among the three subspecies of the North African mountain viper Vipera monticola Saint Girons 1953(2024) Damm, Maik; Avella, Ignazio; Merzara, Reema; Lucchini, Nahla; Buldain, Jon; Corga, Frederico; Bouazza, Abdellah; Fahd, Soumia; Süssmuth, Roderich D.; Martínez-Freiría, FernandoItem type: Item , Control of schistosomiasis by the selective competitive and predatory intervention of intermediate hosts: A mathematical modeling approach(2024) Tabo, Zadoki; Luboobi, Livingstone; Kraft, Philipp; Breuer, Lutz; Albrecht, ChristianSchistosomiasis, a freshwater-borne neglected tropical disease, disproportionately affects impoverished communities mainly in the tropical regions. Transmission involves humans and intermediate host (IH) snails. This manuscript introduces a mathematical model to probe schistosomiasis dynamics and the role of non-host snail competitors and predators as biological control agents for IH snails. The numerical analyses include investigations into steady-state conditions and reproduction numbers associated with uncontrolled scenarios, as well as scenarios involving non-host snail competitors and/or predators. Sensitivity analysis reveals that increasing snail mortality rates is a key to reducing the IH snail population and control of the transmission. Results show that specific snail competitors and/or predators with strong competition/predation abilities reduce IH snails and the subsequent infectious cercaria populations, reduce the transmission, and possibly eradicate the disease, while those with weaker abilities allow disease persistence. Hence our findings advocate for the effectiveness of snail competitors with suitable competitive pressures and/or predators with appropriate predatory abilities as nature-based solutions for combating schistosomiasis, all while preserving IH snail biodiversity. However, if these strategies are implemented at insignificant levels, IH snails can dominate, and disease persistence may pose challenges. Thus, experimental screening of potential (native) snail competitors and/or predators is crucial to assess the likely behavior of biological agents and determine the optimal biological control measures for IH snails.Item type: Item , Does watching an explainer video help learning with subsequent text? – Only when prompt-questions are provided(2024) Krebs, Marie-Christin; Braschoß, Katharina; Eitel, AlexanderBackground: Learning with explainer videos can foster learning. However, their effects on subsequent learning are still unclear. On the one hand, they might increase situational interest and scaffold subsequent learning. On the other hand, they might hinder subsequent learning by fostering an illusion of understanding. In case of the latter, the question arises of whether providing prompt-questions after an explainer video would prevent an illusion of understanding. Therefore, we investigated the effects of medium and prompt-questions on subsequent learning with text. Sample: One hundred thirty-three teacher students and psychology students from a German university. Methods: In an online study with a 2x2 between-subjects design, we investigated the effects of medium (video vs. video-script) in learning phase 1 and prompt-questions (yes vs. no) on subsequent learning with text. Results: As expected, watching the video made the content seem more interesting and less difficult. Contrary to the illusion-of-understanding-assumption, this did not result in learners overestimating but rather underestimating themselves. Moreover, while prompt-questions in the video condition fostered learning, they impaired learning in the video-script condition. Exploratory mediation analyses revealed that in the prompt condition, the superiority of the video was mainly driven by the quality of the prompt-answers rather than the time learners invested in answering the prompt-questions. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that explainer videos combined with prompt-questions can foster learning with subsequent text. However, further research is necessary to replicate the findings under more controlled conditions and to investigate the underlying processes in greater depth.Item type: Item , Fiscal policy in the Bundestag: Textual analysis and macroeconomic effects(2024) Latifi, Albina; Naboka-Krell, Viktoriia; Tillmann, Peter; Winker, PeterFiscal policy is made in parliaments. We go to the roots of changes of fiscal policy in Germany and use a novel data set on all parliamentary speeches in the Bundestag from 1960 to 2021. We propose an embedding-based approach, which allows the representation of words and documents in a shared vector space, in order to measure fiscal policy-related sentiment in parliamentary debates at a scale from contractionary to expansionary. We also distinguish between sentiment related to exogenous and endogenous fiscal policy. We put fiscal sentiment into a series of recursively-identified vector autoregressive models to show that a change in fiscal sentiment causes a shift in government spending and has significant effects on the macroeconomy. The results support the notion that the debate in parliament contains information for the identification of government spending shocks.Item type: Item , Purinergic control of apical ion conductance by luminal ATP in rat colonic epithelium(2024) Ballout, Jasmin; Diener, MartinATP, released e.g. after cell damage or during inflammation, can alter ion transport across the intestinal mucosa via stimulation of purinergic receptors in the basolateral as well as in the apical membrane of epithelial cells. When ATP acts from the serosal side, it induces an increase in short-circuit current (Isc) via Cl− secretion across the colonic epithelium. In contrast, mucosal ATP or its derivative, BzATP, predominantly stimulating ionotropic P2X4 and P2X7 receptors, evoke an increase in Isc, which could not be explained by Cl− secretion. The underlying ion currents after stimulation of apical purinergic receptors in rat distal colon are still unclear and were investigated in the present study. Ussing chamber experiments revealed that the Isc induced by mucosal ATP was dependent on the presence of mucosal Ca2+ and inhibited by the K+ channel blocker, Ba2+, indicating the involvement of Ca2+-dependent K+ channels. Blockade of the transepithelial Isc by lanthanides (La3+, Gd3+) suggests that Ca2+ enters the epithelium via nonselective cation channels. Experiments with basolaterally depolarized epithelia confirmed the activation of apical lanthanide-sensitive Na+- and Ca2+-permeable cation channels by ATP. Putative candidates might be TRP channels, from which several subtypes were detected in colonic tissue in RT-PCR experiments. In addition, the activation of an apical Cl− conductance was observed when suitable Cl− concentration gradients were applied. Consequently, mucosal ATP, acting as ‘danger signal’, stimulates cation and anion channels in the apical membrane to induce a secretory response as part of the local defence mechanism in the intestinal epithelium.