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Description of Cohnella rhizoplanae sp. nov., isolated from the root surface of soybean (Glycine max)
(2025) Kämpfer, Peter; Glaeser, Stefanie P.; McInroy, John A.; Busse, Hans-Jürgen; Clermont, Dominique; Criscuolo, Alexis
A Gram-staining-positive, aerobic bacterium, designated strain JJ-181 T, was isolated from the root surface of soybean. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, strain JJ-181 T was grouped into the genus Cohnella, most closely related to Cohnella hashimotonis F6_2S_P_1T (98.85%) and C. ginsengisoli GR21-5 T (98.3%). The pairwise average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridisation values of the JJ-181 T genome assembly against publicly available Cohnella type strain genomes were below 84% and 28%, respectively. The fatty acid profile from whole cell hydrolysates, the cell wall diaminoacid, the quinone system, the polar lipid profile, and the polyamine pattern supported the allocation of strain JJ-181 T to the genus Cohnella. In addition, the results of physiological and biochemical tests also allowed phenotypic differentiation of strain JJ-181 T from its closely-related Cohnella species. Functional analysis revealed that strain JJ-181 T has different gene clusters related to swarming motility, chemotaxis ability, and endospore and biofilm formations. The gene content also suggests the ability of strain JJ-181 T to synthesise biotin and riboflavin, as well as indole-3-acetic acid, an important phytohormone for plant growth. Based on polyphasic analyses, strain JJ-181 T can be classified as a new species of the genus Cohnella, for which we propose the name Cohnella rhizoplanae sp. nov., with strain JJ-181 T (= LMG 31678 T = CIP 112018 T = CCM 9031 T = DSM 110650 T) as the type strain.
A biocontrol perspective on mycoviruses in fungal pathogen management
(2025) Galli, Matteo; Sede, Ana; Heinlein, Manfred; Kogel, Karl-Heinz
Mycoviruses, viruses that infect fungi, have been identified across nearly every fungal taxon. Despite their widespread presence, the ecological effects of mycoviruses remain poorly understood. They can influence the biology of their hosts in various ways, including altering growth, reproduction, and pathogenicity. Their ability to induce either fungal hyper- or hypovirulence and thus regulate general fungal fitness by increasing fungal aggressiveness or, conversely, in extreme cases, converting harmful fungi into beneficial ones, has attracted increasing attention in recent years as a potential means of protecting plants from fungal diseases and pests. Increasing difficulties in controlling fungal diseases, pests and weeds with synthetic chemical pesticides, exacerbated by the emergence of resistance or tolerance to certain active ingredients, and stricter regulatory requirements due to environmental and health concerns, have stimulated interest in alternative approaches. In parallel with the introduction of double-stranded (ds)RNA-based products for crop protection and the fundamental knowledge generated in this field in recent years, the potential use of mycoviruses to control pathogenic fungi appears to be within reach. This review highlights recent advances in the field and emphasizes the potential of mycoviruses as biological control agents (BCAs), with the emphasis on the utilization of mycovirus-induced fungal hypovirulence to control fungi that cause plant diseases and mycovirus-induced fungal hypervirulence to protect plants from fungal hosts such insect pests or weeds.
Nirenberg problem on high dimensional spheres : blow up with residual mass phenomenon
(2025) Ahmedou, Mohameden; Ben Ayed, Mohamed; El Mehdi, Khalil
In this paper, we extend the analysis of the subcritical approximation of the Nirenberg problem on spheres recently conducted in Malchiodi and Mayer(J Differ Equ 268(5):2089–2124, 2020; Int Math Res Not 18:14123–14203, 2021). Specifically, we delve into the scenario where the sequence of blowing up solutions exhibits a non-zero weak limit, which necessarily constitutes a solution of the Nirenberg problem itself. Our focus lies in providing a comprehensive description of such blowing up solutions, including precise determinations of blow-up points and blow-up rates. Additionally, we compute the topological contribution of these solutions to the difference in topology between the level sets of the associated Euler-Lagrange functional. Such an analysis is intricate due to the potential degeneracy of the solutions involved. We also provide a partial converse, wherein we construct blowing up solutions when the weak limit is non-degenerate.
Transforming the feeding regime towards low-input increases the environmental impact of organic milk production on a case study farm in central germany
(2025) Eisert, Johannes; Sahraei, Amir; Knob, Deise Aline; Lambertz, Christian; Zollitsch, Werner; Hörtenhuber, Stefan; Kral, Iris; Breuer, Lutz; Gattinger, Andreas
Purpose: Despite the direct effect of the feeding regime on the environmental impacts of dairy farming systems, its level of intensity, particularly in organic systems, has rarely been investigated. This study compares the environmental impact of a high-input feeding regime with a grassland-based, low-input feeding regime scenario within an organic milk production system conducted on Gladbacherhof, the research farm of Justus Liebig University Giessen, in Central Germany. Methods: An integrated Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis was performed from a cradle-to-farm gate perspective to quantify five environmental impacts, namely Global Warming (GW), Non-Renewable Energy Use (NREU), Land Use (LU), Terrestrial Acidification (TA), and Freshwater Eutrophication (FE). All agronomic data of the Gladbacherhof research farm, averaged over the years 2010–2017, were included. When not directly measured on the farm, ecoinvent data were included. Results and discussion: Contrary to our hypothesis, the results suggest that a grassland-based low-input system has a higher environmental impact as compared to a high-input system for each of the five impact categories when using fat and protein-corrected milk (FPCM) as the functional unit. A 50% reduction in concentrates and exclusion of maize silage from the feed ration in the modelled low-input production system lead to a 20% drop in milk yield. To balance the energy content in low-input feeding ration, longer grazing period and higher amount of hay, alfalfa, and grass silage are required. This in turn results in higher emissions from enteric fermentation, manure management, and feed production and hence in higher environmental impact, particularly for GW, TA, and FE. Conclusions: This study is one of the few that directly explores the environmental impact of feeding intensity in an organic milk production system. Nevertheless, there is a lack of research on consolidated emission factors for several greenhouse gas (GHG) sources in organic livestock and cropping systems to perform more robust carbon footprint calculations that comply with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 3 GHG reporting guidelines. To generalize the results at the regional or national scale, direct comparisons with a larger number of organic farms representative of high-input and low-input intensities are still essential.
FIGO - GCH joint consensus statement on the current status and recommendations for the use of blind intrauterine procedures in the evaluation and management of women with suspected intrauterine pathologies
(2025) Villegas-Echeverri, Juan Diego; Pope, Rachel; Robert, Magali; Meinhold-Heerlein, Ivo; Haimovich, Sergio; Carugno, José; Pacheco, Luis A.; Sardo, Attilio Di Spiezio
Historically, blind intrauterine procedures such as dilation and curettage (D&C) and blind endometrial biopsies have been the primary approach for diagnosing and managing intrauterine pathologies. However, these techniques lack direct visualization, leading to diagnostic limitations, incomplete treatment, and increased complication rates. Despite substantial advances in hysteroscopic technology, including high-definition imaging and minimally invasive instruments, blind procedures remain widely used. This paper examines the limitations of blind intrauterine procedures, underscoring the advantages of hysteroscopy, which provides real-time visualization and allows for more accurate, targeted interventions. With the adoption of the “See and Treat” philosophy, hysteroscopy enables nearly 90% of procedures to be performed in an office setting, enhancing both patient convenience and outcomes. FIGO and GCH advocate for the gradual replacement of blind procedures with hysteroscopic approaches whenever feasible, noting that hysteroscopy improves diagnostic accuracy, reduces risks, and minimizes the need for repeat interventions. Recommendations include expanding access to hysteroscopy through targeted training, especially in low- and middle-income countries, where financial and logistical barriers limit access to advanced gynecological care. Furthermore, this paper emphasizes the importance of patient-centered care, encouraging transparent counseling to support informed decision-making.
Use of a new aiming compression device and technique for the repair of navicular bone fractures in horses: A cadaveric study
(2025) Pudert, Tanja; Fries, Giuletta Felicia; Lotz, Hannah; Röcken, Michael; Cruz, Antonio M.
Objective: To assess the use of a newly developed aiming compression device (ACD) for screw insertion in non-fractured navicular bones (NB) in cadavers. Study design: Cadaveric study. Sample Population: A total of 10 cadaveric front limbs of adult horses. Methods: Placement of a 3.5 mm cortical screw in non-fractured NB under radiographic guidance was performed in 10 cadaver limbs in a standing position. An ACD was used to stabilize the NB and to guide the drilling process. Preparation and surgical time as well as the number of radiographic images were noted. A postoperative scoring system was used to assess screw placement by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and gross examination by two evaluators. Results: The total procedure time was 25–62 min (median 33.5). During the procedure, 11–21 radiographs (median 18.5) were taken. The postoperative gross examination revealed an excellent screw placement in nine NB and poor in one. This could not be reliably assessed with post-procedure CBCT. Conclusion: The described technique achieves an excellent screw placement in 9/10 bones without disrupting the articular or flexural surface of the NB and with no protrusion of the screw head or tip, in a median procedure time of under 35 min. Clinical significance: Adequate screw placement is paramount for NB fracture repair. The described approach under radiographic guidance allows adequate screw placement using the ACD to stabilize the NB by lateral to medial compression. This technique facilitates adequate screw placement within the NB without the use of advanced imaging techniques.
Anti-inflammatory and remyelinating effects of fexagratinib in experimental multiple sclerosis
(2025) Gurski, Fynn; Shirvanchi, Kian; Rajendran, Vinothkumar; Rajendran, Ranjithkumar; Megalofonou, Fevronia-Foivi; Böttiger, Gregor; Stadelmann, Christine; Bhushan, Sudhanshu; Ergün, Süleyman; Karnati, Srikanth; Berghoff, Martin
Background and Purpose: FGF, VEGFR-2 and CSF1R signalling pathways play a key role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Selective inhibition of FGFR by infigratinib in MOG35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) prevented severe first clinical episodes by 40%; inflammation and neurodegeneration were reduced, and remyelination was enhanced. Multi-kinase inhibition of FGFR1-3, CSFR and VEGFR-2 by fexagratinib (formerly known as AZD4547) may be more efficient in reducing inflammation, neurodegeneration and regeneration in the disease model. Experimental Approach: Female C57BL/6J mice were treated with fexagratinib (6.25 or 12.5 mg·kg−1) orally or placebo over 10 days either from time of EAE induction (prevention experiment) or onset of symptoms (suppression experiment). Effects on inflammation, neurodegeneration and remyelination were assessed at the peak of the disease (Day 18/20 post immunization) and the chronic phase of EAE (Day 41/42). Key Results: In the prevention experiment, treatment with 6.25 or 12.5 mg·kg−1 fexagratinib prevented severe first clinical episodes by 66.7% or 84.6% respectively. Mice treated with 12.5 mg·kg−1 fexagratinib hardly showed any symptoms in the chronic phase of EAE. In the suppression experiment, fexagratinib resulted in a long-lasting reduction of severe symptoms by 91 or 100%. Inflammation and demyelination were reduced, and axonal density, numbers of oligodendrocytes and their precursor cells, and remyelinated axons were increased by both experimental approaches. Conclusion and Implications: Multi-kinase inhibition by fexagratinib in a well-tolerated dose of 1 mg·kg−1 in humans may be a promising approach to reduce inflammation and neurodegeneration, to slow down disease progression and support remyelination in patients.
European ILD registry algorithm for self-assessment in interstitial lung diseases (eurILDreg ASA-ILD)
(2025) Krauss, Ekaterina; Claas, Laurenz H.; Tello, Silke; Naumann, Jennifer; Wobisch, Sandra; Kuhn, Stefan; Majeed, Raphael W.; Moor, Karen; Molina-Molina, Maria; Byrne, Oisin; Borton, Rebecca; Wijsenbeek, Marlies S.; Hirani, Nik; Vancheri, Carlo; Crestani, Bruno; Guenther, Andreas
Background and aims: Predicting progression and prognosis in Interstitial Lung Diseases (ILD), especially Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) and Progressive Pulmonary Fibrosis (PPF), remains a challenge. Integrating patient-centered measurements is essential for earlier and safer detection of disease progression. Home monitoring through e-health technologies, such as spirometry and oximetry connected to smartphone applications, holds promise for early detection of ILD progression or acute exacerbations, enabling timely therapeutic interventions. Methods: The European ILD Registry Algorithm for Self-Assessment in ILD (eurILDreg ASA-ILD), developed by all eurILDreg principal investigators, includes questionnaires on symptom burden, respiratory infections, and quality of life (EQ5D VAS, K-BILD, LCQ). The algorithm also incorporates spirometry and oxygen saturation measurements, both at rest and during exercise (one-minute sit-to-stand test, 1STST). This ASA-ILD algorithm is integrated into the patientMpower Ltd. smartphone application, used for patient-led monitoring, research, and clinical care since 2016, and available on both Apple and Android platforms. Discussion: For patient-centered measurements, participants in the multicenter eurILDreg study will receive a patientMpower account, a handheld clinical-grade spirometer (Spirobank Smart, MIR, Italy), and a pulse oximeter (Nonin Medical, Inc. Plymouth, MN, USA), along with usage instructions. Artificial intelligence software (ArtiQ) will analyze spirometry maneuvers in real-time, ensuring compliance with recent ERS/ATS criteria and providing automated feedback. Pulse oximetry is integrated into the exercise testing within the application, following an automated in-app protocol developed with clinician involvement for safety and accuracy. The application will send reminders to participants to complete patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) according to the study protocol. Conclusion: This study is designed to explore the potential of e-Health technologies, such as home monitoring via spirometry and oximetry, integrated with the eurILDreg ASA-ILD algorithm and patientMpower app, to improve early detection and management of ILD. A pilot trial showed promising adherence to spirometry, indicating that digital health interventions could enhance patient care and outcomes in ILD.
Human-like face pareidolia emerges in deep neural networks optimized for face and object recognition
(2025) Gupta, Pranjul; Dobs, Katharina
Decoding affect in emotional body language: valence representation in the action observation network
(2025) Keck, Johannes; Bachmann, Julia; Zabicki, Adam; Munzert, Jörn; Krüger, Britta
Humans are highly adept at inferring emotional states from body movements in social interactions. Nonetheless, it is under debate how this process is facilitated by neural activations across multiple brain regions. The specific contributions of various brain areas to the perception of valence in biological motion remain poorly understood, particularly those within the action observation network (AON) and those involved in processing emotional valence. This study explores which cortical regions involved in processing emotional body language depicted by kinematic stimuli contain valence information, and whether this is reflected either in the magnitude of activation or in distinct activation patterns. Results showed that neural patterns within the AON, notably the inferior parietal lobule (IPL), exhibit a neural geometry that reflects the valence impressions of the observed stimuli. However, the representational geometry of valence-sensitive areas mirrors these impressions to a lesser degree. Our findings also reveal that the activation magnitude in both AON and valence-sensitive regions does not correlate with the perceived valence of emotional interactions. Results underscore the critical role of the AON, particularly the IPL, in interpreting the valence of emotional interactions, indicating its essential function in the perception of valence, especially when observing biological movements.
Quantifying the spatial impact of an invasive Acacia on ecosystem functioning using remote sensing
(2025) Große-Stoltenberg, André; Werner, Christiane; Hellmann, Christine; Oldeland, Jens; Thiele, Jan
Remote sensing technology is increasingly applied to map the occurrence of invasive plant species, yet its use to map their ecological impact remains limited. Furthermore, invader-induced changes beyond the canopy, as well as the environmental context, are rarely considered. This study aimed to assess the impacts of an invasive tree on ecosystem functioning at the landscape scale using remote sensing, taking into account both spatial effects and environmental heterogeneity. Specifically, we investigated a coastal Mediterranean dune ecosystem invaded by the N-fixing tree Acacia longifolia (Andrews) Willd. (‘Acacia’). Four vegetation indices were calculated as proxies of ecosystem functions, and these indices were used to compute functional diversity in terms of spectral Rao’s Q for assessing impacts by Acacia based on airborne hyperspectral data. Vegetation cover and topographic indices derived from airborne LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) were used to account for spatial heterogeneity. For seven sites, we employed Generalized Linear Mixed Models to model the effects of environmental variables and Acacia-related variables on proxies of ecosystem functions. Significant impact of the invader was found beyond the invaded area augmenting to 50 % total impact on ecosystem functions. These spatial impacts are particularly prevalent at rather early stages of invasion (∼20 % invader cover at landscape level). Consequently, the impact of invaders is underestimated when spatial effects are ignored, but it is overestimated when environmental heterogeneity is neglected. Furthermore, functional diversity decreases due to invasion, though it reaches its maximum at the edges of invader stands, where Rao’s Q index captures spectral effects of both the invader and the native vegetation. Thus, we highlight that both 2D and 3D remote sensing data complement each other in remote sensing-driven impact assessments. We envision that advancements in remote sensing of ecosystem structure and functioning in terms of increasing availability of high spectral, spatial and temporal data as well as enhanced methods for data analysis will facilitate tracing the context-dependent and function-specific spatial effects of invasive species especially at early stages of invasion to enable timely management.
Evaluation of six phosphorus extraction methods for compliance testing of recycled P fertilizers
(2025) Hernandez-Mora, A.; Duboc, O.; Bünemann, E.K.; Ylivainio, K.; Lombi, E.; Symanczik, S.; Horn, D.; Delgado, A.; Abu Zahra, N.; Zuin, L.; Doolette, C.L.; Eigner, H.; Santner, J.
Phosphorus (P) recycling for fertilizer production addresses the dependency on phosphate rock and mitigates P losses to the environment. However, predicting plant-available P in recycled fertilizers is challenging due to their diverse chemical composition. This study aimed at identifying the most suitable P extraction method for fertilizer compliance testing, considering their correlation with actual fertilization efficiency, as well as their simplicity, throughput, recognition and cost. Studies on fertilizer P compliance testing often lack recommendations on minimum P extractability threshold values. Here, thresholds are calculated based on actual fertilization efficiency of a large, chemically diverse set of recycled P fertilizers, many of which are already marketed. Thirty recycled P fertilizers were extracted with H2O, neutral ammonium citrate (NAC), electro-ultrafiltration (EUF), ferrihydrite-filled membranes (iron bag; IB), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT). The mineral replacement value (MRV) of the fertilizer set was previously evaluated in three pot experiments at a fertilization rate of 50 mg kg−1 soil. MRV correlations with the extractions methods showed similar results for all besides H2O, which cannot be a reliable indicator for P availability. Fertilizers were classified as efficient or inefficient based on their MRV exceeding or falling below 60 % of the triple superphosphate reference value. The minimum P extractability threshold value (MPETV) for each method was based on the efficiency classification and it minimized the number of misclassified fertilizers. NAC, with a 60 % extractable minimum P threshold value, was the most adequate method for compliance testing, despite its overestimation of iron phosphate availability.
Dairy cows' responses to 2 separation methods after 3 months of cow-calf contact
(2025) Vogt, Anina; Waiblinger, Susanne; Palme, Rupert; König von Borstel, Uta; Barth, Kerstin
Weaning and separation remain among some of the biggest challenges for cow-calf contact systems, making the development of practical and low-stress separation methods mandatory for future success of these systems. This study aimed to compare behavioral and physiological responses of dairy cows to separation from their calves after 3 mo of full-time contact, with either the 2-step method (NF, 2 wks full-time contact while calves wore a nose flap, 1 wk fence-line contact before total separation, n = 18) or by gradual reduction of contact time between cow and calf (GR, 1 wk half day contact, 1 wk morning contact, 1 wk fence-line contact before total separation, n = 18). Vocalizations and searching behavior were observed on 4 d/wk from 1 wk before separation until 1 wk after total separation. During the same period, lying behavior and rumination time was automatically assessed via accelerometers and pressure sensors. Fecal and blood samples were collected twice per week from day −1 until +23 relative to separation start for analysis of fecal cortisol metabolites and the immune response. Milk yield in the parlor was continuously recorded. Statistical analysis was conducted using linear mixed effects models. We found no difference between the 2 separation methods in any of the examined behavioral and physiological response variables. However, a significant increase in vocalizations and searching behavior compared with baseline was present with both methods. Furthermore, there was a transient increase in physiological distress markers and a short-lived retention of milk yield at initiation of treatments, indicating that both methods induced distress for the cows. Descriptively, there were large interindividual differences between cows as well as a different temporal distribution in occurrence of behavioral responses, as GR cows vocalized most frequently during the week with fence-line contact and after total separation from the calf, while NF cows reacted strongest during the 2 wk while calves wore the nose flap. Milk yield was higher in NF than GR cows during the 2 wk while GR calves had time-restricted access to their dams and NF calves were prevented from suckling, but showed no difference afterward. However, similar evening milk yields of GR cows in the weeks with half-day and morning contact, indicated that the weekly reductions in contact time worked in a rather stepwise than gradual manner, which warrants further improvement of the GR method. Taken together, results showed that cows experienced distress during separation with the GR method, when implemented over 3 wk in 3 steps, as well as with the NF method, but differences between individuals were considerable.
Compound events in Germany in 2018: drivers and case studies
(2025) Xoplaki, Elena; Ellsäßer, Florian; Grieger, Jens; Nissen, Katrin M.; Pinto, Joaquim G.; Augenstein, Markus; Chen, Ting-Chen; Feldmann, Hendrik; Friederichs, Petra; Gliksman, Daniel; Goulier, Laura; Haustein, Karsten; Heinke, Jens; Jach, Lisa; Knutzen, Florian; Kollet, Stefan; Luterbacher, Jürg; Luther, Niklas; Mohr, Susanna; Mudersbach, Christoph; Müller, Christoph; Rousi, Efi; Simon, Felix; Suarez-Gutierrez, Laura; Szemkus, Svenja; Vallejo-Bernal, Sara M.; Vlachopoulos, Odysseas; Wolf, Frederik
Europe frequently experiences a wide range of extreme events and natural hazards, including heatwaves, extreme precipitation, droughts, cold spells, windstorms, and storm surges. Many of these events do not occur as single extreme events but rather show a multivariate character, known as compound events. We investigate the interactions between extreme weather events, their characteristics, and changes in their intensity and frequency, as well as uncertainties in the past, present, and future. We also explore their impacts on various socio-economic sectors in Germany and central Europe. This contribution highlights several case studies with special focus on 2018, a year marked by an exceptional sequence of compound events across large parts of Europe, resulting in severe impacts on human lives, ecosystems, and infrastructure. We provide new insights into the drivers of spatially and temporally compound events, such as heat and drought, and heavy precipitation combined with extreme winds, and their adverse effects on ecosystems and society, using large-scale atmospheric patterns. We also examine the interannual influence of droughts on surface water and the impact of water scarcity and heatwaves on agriculture and forests. We assess projected changes in compound events at different current and future global surface temperature levels, demonstrating the need for improved quantification of future extreme events to support adaptation planning. Finally, we address research gaps and future directions, stressing the importance of defining composite events primarily in terms of their impacts prior to their statistical characterisation.
The Brons-Mulié analysis as a decision-making tool for preoperative surgical simulation in orthognatic surgery
(2025) Böttger, Sebastian; Nowak, Yannick; Windhorst, Anita Cornelia; Klaus, Katharina; Ruf, Sabine; Bäcker, Christina; Schraml, Eva May; Danevitch, Nina; Mulié, Rob; Howaldt, Hans-Peter; Attia, Sameh
Objectives: Sufficient preoperative planning represents an essential component for the success of orthognathic surgery. Using various analysis methods, dysmorphic areas can be reliably identified and addressed during the planning procedure. Methods: Brons-Mulié analysis was used to examine profile photographs before and after orthognathic surgery. The attainment of normal values was interpreted as the achievement of facial harmony of the various facial proportions. By comparing the pre- and postoperative analysis, a control of the outcome quality of the orthognathic procedures was performed. Results: In a total of 160 patients aged 13 to 61 years, the preoperative analysis could be compared with the postoperative Brons-Mulié analysis. Postoperative, facial harmony was found for the vertical dimension in 99 cases (62%), for the upper lip dimension in 95 cases (59%), for the lower lip dimension in 138 cases (86%), and for the chin dimension in 118 cases (74%). This corresponded to an improvement of 20% in the vertical dimension, of 27% in the area of the lower lip and of 6% in the area of the chin. The upper lip area showed a slight deterioration of 7%. Conclusion: Despite preoperative planning of orthognathic surgery with Brons-Mulié analysis, postoperative results show an overall improvement but not perfection. Even by applying the method, it remains a challenge to achieve perfect facial harmony.
Extracellular RNA drives TNF-a/TNF-receptor-1 mediated cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic potential of RNase1
(2025) Cabrera-Fuentes, Hector A.; Ruiz-Meana, Marisol; Barreto, Guillermo; Serebruany, Victor L.; Sánchez-Vega, Jose T.; Pérez-Campos, Eduardo; Kostin, Sawa; Böning, Andreas; Jarquín González, Efrén Emmanuel; Al-Suhaimi, Ebtesam A.; Rodriguez-Montesinos, Julian; Inserte, Javier; Pedretti, Sarah; Yap, Jonathan; Irei, Jason; Sedding, Daniel G.; Lecour, Sandrine; Liehn, Elisa A.; Garcia-Dorado, David; Hausenloy, Derek J.; Boisvert, William A.; Preissner, Klaus T.
Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury causes cardiomyocyte death and exacerbates inflammation. Emerging evidence implicates extracellular RNA (eRNA) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) as key mediators. We hypothesize that eRNA released from ischemic cardiomyocytes amplifies I/R injury via TNF-α/TNF-receptor- 1 (TNF-R1) signaling, and that hydrolysis of eRNA by RNase1 can attenuate I/R injury by disrupting this pathway. Here, we investigated the mechanistic role of eRNA and its interplay with TNF-α signaling in cardiac I/ R injury, and evaluated the therapeutic potential of RNase1 and cyclosporine-A (CsA). In ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients, plasma eRNA levels were significantly elevated 2 h post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), correlating positively with Creatine Kinase (CK). In murine I/R and hypoxia/reoxygenation models, eRNA released from stressed cardiomyocytes acted as a damage-associated molecular pattern, triggering TNF-α shedding via TACE/ADAM17 and activating TNF-R1-mediated inflammation, mPTP opening, and cell death. Genetic deletion of TNF-α or TNF-R1 abrogated eRNA-induced cytotoxicity, while TNF-receptor- 2 (TNF- R2) deficiency exacerbated injury. Pharmacological inhibition of TACE with TAPI suppressed TNF-α release and preserved cell viability. RNase1 effectively degraded eRNA, blocking upstream pro-inflammatory signaling, whereas CsA preserved mitochondrial integrity by preventing mPTP opening. Notably, RNase1 and CsA showed synergistic protection in vivo when administered at reperfusion, significantly reducing myocardial infarct size. These findings identify eRNA as both a biomarker and pathogenic mediator of myocardial I/R injury, and support a dual-targeted strategy using RNase1 and CsA to interrupt the TNF-α/TNF-R1-driven inflammatory and mito chondrial death pathways. Targeting both upstream inflammatory and downstream mitochondrial mechanisms represents a promising cardioprotective intervention for acute myocardial infarction.
Multi-scale modelling of location- and frequency-dependent synaptic plasticity induced by repetitive magnetic stimulation in the dendrites of pyramidal neurons
(2025) Hananeia, Nicholas; Ebner, Christian; Galanis, Christos; Cuntz, Hermann; Opitz, Alexander; Vlachos, Andreas; Jedlicka, Peter
Background: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) induces long-term changes in synapses, but the mechanisms behind these modifications are not fully understood. Although there has been progress in the development of multi-scale modeling tools, no comprehensive module for simulating rTMS-induced synaptic plasticity in biophysically realistic neurons exists. Objective: We developed a modelling framework that allows the replication and detailed prediction of long-term changes of excitatory synapses in neurons stimulated by rTMS. Methods: We implemented a voltage-dependent plasticity model that has been pre-viously established for simulating frequency-, time-, and compartment-dependent spatio-temporal changes of excitatory synapses in neuronal dendrites. The plasticity model can be incorporated into biophysical neuronal models and coupled to electrical field simulations. Results: We show that the plasticity modelling framework replicates long-term poten-tiation (LTP)-like plasticity in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells evoked by 10-Hz repetitive magnetic stimulation (rMS). In line with previous experimental studies, this plasticity was strongly distance dependent and localised to the proximal synapses of the neuron. We predicted a decrease in the plasticity amplitude for 5 Hz and 1 Hz protocols with decreasing frequency. Finally, we successfully modelled plasticity in distal synapses upon local electrical theta-burst stimulation (TBS) and predicted proximal and distal plasticity for rMS TBS. Notably, the rMS TBS-evoked synaptic plasticity exhibited robust facilitation by dendritic spikes and low sensitivity to inhibitory suppression. Conclusion: The plasticity modelling framework enables precise simulations of LTP-like cellular effects with high spatio-temporal resolution, enhancing the efficiency of parameter screening and the development of plasticity-inducing rTMS protocols.
Law & critique
(2025)
Der zweite Band der Reihe „kontrovers“ widmet sich dem ambivalenten Verhältnis von Recht und Kritik. 29 Autor:innen verwenden Recht und Rechtskritik. Beitragende analysieren die Verbindung zu kritischer Reflexion, sozialen Praktiken und politischen Bewegungen, und Recht und Autonomität. Während manche einen dekolonialen, critical race theoretischen, posthumanistischen und anti-cis-patriarchalen Ansatz wählen, diskutieren andere die Notwendigkeit, Rechtsstaatlichkeit in Zeiten demokratischer Krisen zu verteidigen. Widersprüche in existierenden rechtlichen Systemen und Rechtsstaaten sowie Prozesse rechtlicher Subjugation werden unter die Lupe genommen. Alternativ wird Recht pluralistisch verstanden und mit alternativen Mitteln rekonstruiert.
Sexuelle Bildung in der Grundschule und der universitären Lehrer*innenausbildung: Perspektiven aus Forschung, Praxis und Lehre
(2025)
Sexuelle Bildung ist ein hochrelevantes Thema für den Grundschulbereich. Junge Schüler*innen partizipieren zunehmend an gesellschaftlichen Diskursen (Umgang mit Vielfalt, Rassismus, Kinderrechte) und bringen damit verbunden vielfältige Fragen und Themen im Bereich der Sexuellen Bildung in den Unterricht. Der Sammelband gewährt mit aktuellen Forschungsarbeiten und Perspektiven aus der Praxis einen Einblick in die Chancen und Herausforderungen sexueller Bildung. Die Beiträge richten sich maßgeblich an Wissenschaftler*innen aus der universitären Lehrer*innenausbildung und (angehende) Lehrende.
Equine adipose-derived stem cells modulate in vitro neutrophil extracellular trap release by polymorphonuclear neutrophils
(2025) Salinas-Varas, Constanza; Espinosa, Gabriel; Muñoz-Caro, Tamara; Conejeros, Iván; Gärtner, Ulrich; Fey, Kerstin; Arnhold, Stefan; Taubert, Anja; Hermosilla, Carlos
Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) are thin and long web-like structures composed of DNA and antimicrobial proteins released by activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) as part of the innate immune response. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) represent an accessible, abundant and minimal invasive source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), with high regenerative potential, immunomodulatory and antiinflammatory properties. Although recognized immunomodulatory properties of ADSCs, their interaction with PMN and their role on NET formation remains poorly characterized. The present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro effects of equine ADSCs on NET formation by equine PMN. Equine ADSCs were isolated from two different sources of adipose tissue, subcutaneous and retroperitoneal adipose stores. Equine PMN were isolated from peripheral blood with a discontinuous density gradient and stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) to induce NET release as positive control. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM) analyses were performed to assess NET release by equine PMN co-cultured with ADSCs. In vitro IFM-NET quantification revealed a significant NET decrease for PMN co-cultured with ADSCs and PMA. Furthermore, extracellular DNA quantification showed that inhibition of equine NET is dependent on the ADSCs to PMN ratio, for PMA and ionomycin stimulated PMN. Moreover, our findings unveil no modulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by equine PMN when co-cultured with ADSCs. In summary, our results provide evidence of ADSCs on equine PMN, particularly in their capacity to attenuate NET formation and release. These results support the potential role of ADSCs on host innate immune response and thereby maintaining immune homeostasis. Further investigation is needed to better understand the specific molecular pathways involved in NETosis via ADSCs.

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