In this dissertation, I propose four dimensions that serve to describe working time and that constitute the various working time schedules (e.g., part-time, shift-work, compressed work weeks). These are the (i) working time duration (i.e., how long does the individual work), (ii) the mean time of day (i.e., at which time of the day does the individual work, on average), (iii) the working time variation (is the working time stable or fluctuating within a certain period), and (iv) the number of shifts (i.e., how often does the individual work within the period).
In the first place, the multidimensional approach is a descriptive attempt as every individual s working time can be located within the four dimensions. For instance, rotating shift work is primarily characterized by a late mean time of day, high variation, and moderate duration. Consequently, the multidimensional approach serves to integrate the different working time literatures. Second, my argument is that these four dimensions are the relevant causal factors that lead to consequences of working time (e.g., work-home interference, ill-health, or decrements in job performance).
After a brief introduction of prominent working time schedules, I describe an empirical investigation using a sample of 387 employees from the German working population. Accordingly, one study (chapter 6) analyzed with structural equation modeling the relationship between the four working time dimensions and work-home interference and between work-home interference and further consequences (depression, job satisfaction, turnover motivation, and job performance). As a second aim, this study investigated if the relationship between the working time dimensions and work-home interference were moderated by gender, partner status (i.e., living together with a partner or not), child status (i.e., being parent or non-parent), and schedule autonomy (i.e., having the opportunity to influence working time). The results showed significant relationships between work-home interference and working time duration, mean time of day, and variation. Furthermore, work-home interference was significantly related to depression, job satisfaction, turnover motivation, and two job performance dimensions (meeting deadlines and quality). Finally, the associations between working time and work-home interference were not moderated by gender, partner and child status and schedule autonomy.
The second study (chapter 7) investigated the relationship between duration, mean time of day, variation, and two job stressors (time pressure and role ambiguity) and ill-health. The results suggested significant relationships for mean time of day, duration, and role ambiguity. Surprisingly, the relationship between duration and ill-health was negative, indicating better health for individuals working long hours.
The third study (chapter 8) longitudinally investigated antecedents (working time duration and job stressors) and outcomes of work-home interference (depression and turnover motivation). The results of this study showed a synchronous (i.e., short-term) effect of duration on work-home interference. Furthermore, this study revealed a cyclical model with a job stressors -> depression -> work-home interference -> job stressors pathway.
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