Agrarökonomische Diskussionsbeiträge = Discussion papers in agricultural economics
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Herausgegeben vom Institut für Agrarpolitik und Marktforschung der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen.
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Auflistung Agrarökonomische Diskussionsbeiträge = Discussion papers in agricultural economics nach Auflistung nach DDC "ddc:330"
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Item BSE and Generic Promotion of Beef: An Analysis for 'Quality from Bavaria'(2000-10) Herrmann, Roland; Krischik-Bautz, Stephanie; Thompson, Stanley R.Quantitative analyses on the economic impacts of generic promotion have mainly concentrated on the U. S., Canada and Australia. Similar European case studies are rare, although EU efforts to increase food demand by generic promotion are strong given increasing consumer concerns on food safety. This holds particularly for beef in the context of BSE. Therefore, it was the objective of this analysis to evaluate an imported EU generic promotion program, "Quality from Bavaria". Based on econometric estimates, we evaluated the demand expansion nature generic promotion relative to the demand contraction of BSE. Welfare implications of "Quality from Bavaria" were additionally investigated. Major results of the analysis are as follows: 1. The advertising expenditures under "Quality from Bavaria" increased consumer demand for Bavarian beef and the cost-benefit ratio of the program turned out to be well above unity. 2. Despite this success of the program, the demand effects of food-safety concerns as measured by BSE information were stronger. Hence, generic promotion could only compensate partly the inward shift in per-capita beef demand induced by BSE information and preferential changes. 3. Although the EU market for beef has been affected much more by the BSE Crisis than the U. S. market, it is striking that the advertising elasticities of demand are similar for Bavarian consumers to U. S. consumers in earlier studies. The elasticity coefficient in this study is 0.04, and statistically different from zero. The findings of this study cannot be generalized for Europe. The program "Quality from Bavaria" stresses, like similar programs in other states, regional orientation. The image of Bavaria as a food-producing region is very positive and it might well be that other regions will have different experiences in promoting food demand of a regional origin.Item CAP Reforms in the 1990s and Their Price and Welfare Implications: The Case of Wheat(2001-12) Herrmann, Roland; Thompson, Stanley R.; Gohout, WolfgangItem Extending the Application of Experimental Methods in Economic Analysis of Food-Safety Issues: A Pilot Study on the Impact of Supply Side Characteristics on Consumer Response to a Food Scare(2002-06) Böcker, AndreasPolitical and business decision makers need to understand the determinants of consumer response to food safety incidents for designing communication strategies that deal adequately with consumer concerns. In this paper supplier differentiation with respect to reliability as a theoretically derived determinant is put to a first empirical test in an experimental study. The results indicate that the existence of such a differentiation leads to a more pronounced negative response. But the total effect is ambiguous, as an increasing discrepancy in the reliability of suppliers was found to reduce the intensity of consumer response, thus contradicting the theoretical predictions.Item How Market Structure Affects Food Product Proliferation: Theoretical Hypotheses and New Empirical Evidence for the U.S. and the German Food Industries(1999-03) Herrmann, Roland; Röder, Claudia; Connor, John M.Item Neue empirische Befunde zur Preissetzung und zum Verbraucherverhalten im Lebensmitteleinzelhandel(2001-05) Herrmann, Roland; Möser, Anke; Werner, ElkeZiel des Beitrags war es, das Preissetzungs- und Verbraucherverhalten am Point of Sale im LEH theoretisch zu erklären und für die Warengruppen der Frühstücksprodukte anhand von Scannerdaten empirisch zu analysieren. Folgende Hauptergebnisse lassen sich festhalten: 1. Die Theorie optimaler Preispolitik im Mehrproduktunternehmen besagt, daß die direkte Preiselastizität der Nachfrage, die Grenzkosten sowie alle Kreuzpreiselastizitäten zu komplementären und substitutiven Gütern die gewinnmaximalen Preise bestimmen. Neben dieser Erklärung eines gewinnmaximalen Preisniveaus gibt es allerdings gute Gründe, im LEH auch intertemporale Preisänderungen vorzunehmen. Prinzipiell sind kurzfristige Preissenkungen in Form von Sonderangeboten mit einer optimalen intertemporalen Preispolitik im Mehrproduktunternehmen vereinbar. 2. Die empirische Analyse beruht auf Auswertungen von Scannerdaten für Frühstücksprodukte im LEH im Zeitraum September 1996 – Juni 1999. Bei allen Produkten der untersuchten Warengruppe zeigt sich, daß das Gesetz des einheitlichen Preises zwischen Handelsorganisationen nicht gilt. Allerdings weicht das Ausmaß von Preisdifferenzen je nach Produkt voneinander ab. Die Bedeutung von Sonderangeboten im LEH ist groß; im Durchschnitt von 20 Warengruppen wurde alle zwei Wochen ein Produkt einer Warengruppe preisreduziert angeboten. 3. Bei den ausgewählten Markenprodukten hatten Sonderangebote außerordentlich starke Effekte auf den Normalabsatz zur Folge – bei 15 ausgewählten Frühstücksprodukten im Median eine Steigerung um 274 %. Die Sonderangebotseffekte variierten stark – sie waren extrem hoch bei Kaffee, einem lagerfähigen Gut, und unterdurchschnittlich hoch bei Frischmilch, einem sehr begrenzt lagerfähigen Gut. Die Absatzeffekte bei Einzelprodukten waren so stark, daß man vermuten kann, daß Verbraucher diese fast nur in Sonderangebotsphasen nachfragen. 4. Bei Konfitüre zeigten sich niedrigere Preise in Discountern als in Verbrauchermärkten und dort niedrigere als in Supermärkten. Auch die Spannweite der Preise ist in Discountern am niedrigsten und in Supermärkten am höchsten. Allerdings zeigen sich in allen Betriebsformen des LEH preiselastische Reaktionen am Point of Sale. Die Preiselastizitäten der Nachfrage lagen im Durchschnitt bei –2,29 (kleine Verbrauchermärkte) bis –5,09 (Supermärkte): Es gab also sehr starke Verbraucherreaktionen auf Preisänderungen. 5. Bei Frühstückszerealien erhielten wir sehr starke Reaktionen der Verbraucher auf verschiedene Formen der Verkaufsförderung, z. B. Absatzeffekte von etwa 100 % des mittleren Absatzes bei der Instrumentenkombination „Preisaktion, Display, Ha ndzettel“. Erfolgreiche Verkaufsförderungsmaßnahmen enthalten dabei immer die Preisaktion. Als Gemeinsamkeit der empirischen Tests dieses Beitrags gilt, daß eine aktive Preispolitik einen zentralen Teil des Marketinginstrumentariums im LEH darstellt. Dies ist konsistent mit einer starken Reaktion der Verbraucher auf Preisänderungen bei Lebensmitteln. So konnte auch die Lehrbuchaussage aus der agrarökonomischen Literatur, daß die Preiselastizität der Nachfrage nach Nahrungsmitteln im Absolutbetrag niedrig ist, für den Point of Sale nicht bestätigt werden. Im Gegenteil: Es liegt eine preiselastische Reaktion vor. Diese divergiert zwar zwischen Betriebsformen des LEH und zwischen Produkten, aber die Verbraucherreaktion auf Preisänderungen ist sehr stark.Item Perception of Food Hazards – Exploring the Interaction of Gender and Experience in an Experimental Study(2002-06) Böcker, AndreasThis paper aims to analyse whether interaction effects between gender and experience have an impact on food-related risk perception. While both components have received considerable attention in the risk research literature, possible interaction effects between them have rarely been considered yet. For data generation the psychometric approach was applied. Participants in an experiment rated selected food hazards with regard to 18 risk characteristics. Responses are grouped in four sub-samples, according to gender and foodpoisoning experience. In a first step, principle-component analysis reduces these ratings to two dimensions. Plotting hazard perceptions for each sub-sample in a perceptual map then allows to identify differences between the sub-samples. Finally, significant differences between sub–samples are identified with analyses of variance for single risk characteristics. The results suggest that experience does not affect risk perception directly but through interacting with gender. This effect is not marginal and partially coexists with a pure gender effect and partially is the only significant effect.Item Preisrigidität oder Preisvariabilität im Lebensmitteleinzelhandel? Theorie und Evidenz aus Scannerdaten(2002-06) Herrmann, Roland; Möser, AnkeZiel des Beitrags ist es, das Preissetzungsverhalten am Point of Sale im Lebensmitteleinzelhan-del (LEH) theoretisch zu erklären und für ausgewählte Warengruppen anhand von Scanner-daten empirisch zu analysieren. Im Mittelpunkt der Analyse steht die intertemporale Preissetzung im deutschen LEH. Kurzfristige Preissenkungen in Form von Sonderangeboten sind mit einer optimalen intertemporalen Preispolitik im Mehrproduktunternehmen vereinbar und sind die wesentliche Quelle für Preisinstabilitäten bei Leitprodukten. Viele Preise im LEH sind aber vergleichsweise starr, und die quantitative Analyse deutet auf einen preisstabilisierenden Effekt des LEH bei Nahrungsmitteln hin.Item The Banana Dispute: Survey and Lessons(2000-09) Herrmann, Roland; Kramb, Marc; Mönnich, ChristinaThe disadvantages of the introduction of the CMOB from an allocative point of view have been widely elaborated in the economic literature. Despite this, the EU has tried to safeguard the preferences for EU producers and ACP banana exporters on the market. The EU has reacted by adjusting the CMOB several times according to external pressure without moving consistently towards a liberalized banana regime. The objective of our paper was to survey concisely the complex banana dispute and to draw economic lessons from this case study. The survey referred to the historical development of the CMOB itself, but also to the main contents of the WTO Panel Reports on Bananas, which are cornerstones for the assessment of many other agricultural TRQs under the WTO. One important implication of the analysis of the CMOBs institutional details is that this type of trade-tied aid induces substantial additional adjustment and transaction costs as well as excessive rent-seeking activities. These are additional arguments for a liberalized banana regime beyond the net welfare losses that arise from price distortions due to the CMOB. From the developing countries' point of view, FINGER and SCHULER [1999] pointed out that the scope and complexity of trade regulations which have been agreed upon during the Uruguay Round put a substantial strain on financial budgets and institutions of developing countries which can amount to an entire year' s development budget in the least developed countries. The complexity and instability of the institutional details of the CMOB place a heavy burden on banana-exporting countries, too.Item The Regional Allocation of EU Producer Support: How Natural Conditions and Farm Structure Matter(2006) Anders, Sven; Harsche, Johannes; Herrmann, Roland; Salhofer, Klaus; Teuber, RamonaThe redistributive implications of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union (EU) have regained a strong interest in recent years since economic and social cohesion has become a major goal of European policy. The empirical evidence is surprisingly diverse and ranges from a clearly positive to a clearly negative regional redistributive impact of the CAP. Therefore, the objectives of this paper are threefold. First, the interregional allocation of EU producer support under the CAP is measured at the NUTS III-level in the period 1986-2002 for 26 regions of the German Bundesland Hesse. Second, the role of the measurement concept for the magnitude and distribution of the regional transfers is elaborated. Third, the interregional allocation of EU producer support is explained by natural conditions and farm structure variables within a quantitative analysis. A major result is that the interregional allocation of producer support is unequal, depends on the measure of protection used and is affected by a number of variables characterizing farm structure and natural conditions.Item The Regional Incidence of European Agricultural Policy: Measurement Concept and Empirical Evidence(2002-10) Anders, Sven; Harsche, Johannes; Herrmann, RolandThe Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union (EU) is characterized by a wide array of individual policy measures, which differ by the category of instruments, across commodities and over time. This situation is similar to many other industrialized countries. Consequently, the net impact of the policy mix on price incentives for producers and consumers had been intransparent for years. The existing level of agricultural protection, as a basis for agricultural trade liberalization, had also been unknown. This study utilizes a regionalized concept of producer support estimates (PSEs) to elaborate the primary effects of the CAP on producer revenues at the regional level. The data used are based on 26 regions located in Germany as well as the years 1986-1999. One striking result is that a uniform CAP does affect the regions very differently. This finding is valid according to all suggested measures of producer support. Some regions are clearly more favoured than others. Another main finding is that recent reforms of the CAP have not reduced significantly the average level of agricultural support in the federal state of Hesse, Germany, and in 21 of 26 regions of this state. Statistically significant downward trends in absolute producer support due to price support were associated with significant upward trends due to direct payments. A third interesting outcome is that it is important to define the measurement concept of support precisely, if the CAP is targeted at producer support. Absolute and relative PSE measures due to the CAP and price support are fully uncorrelated with each other. If transfers under the CAP are targeted in terms of absolute support, e.g. may induce an arbitrary interregional distribution of PSE in relation to farm revenues.