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Item A wood-concrete nest box to study burrow-nesting petrels(2016) Bedolla-Guzmán, Yuliana; Masello, Juan F.; Aguirre-Muñoz, Alfonso; Quillfeldt, PetraItem Acute stress hyporesponsive period in nestling Thin-billed prions Pachyptila belcheri(2009) Quillfeldt, Petra; Poisbleau, Maud; Chastel, Olivier; Masello, Juan F.When confronted with acute stressors, vertebrates show a highly conserved evolved sequence of physiological, hormonal and behavioural responses, including the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Many young vertebrates show a stress hyporesponsive period, where they exhibit a reduced glucocorticoid response. Here, we analyzed the stress response of nestling Thin-billed prions Pachyptila belcheri and compared chicks with different previous experience with capture and handling. We found that chicks had a stress response, but baseline and peak levels were below those measured in adults. The stress response of the chicks was rapid and followed by fast recovery, such that the total amount of corticosterone released in response to handling was very much lower in chicks than adults. These results indicate that nestling Thin-billed prions exhibit a stress hyporesponsive period. This was not due to habituation, as CORT measurements at baseline and elevated levels were similar in chicks handled daily and naïve chicks. The comparison with other published studies showed that the stress response of chicks usually peaks earlier and lower than in adults, and researchers should take care to measure stress-induced levels at an appropriate sampling time.Item Additive Traits Lead to Feeding Advantage and Reproductive Isolation, Promoting Homoploid Hybrid Speciation(2019-04-26) Masello, Juan F; Quillfeldt, Petra; Sandoval-Castellanos, Edson; Alderman, Rachael; Calderón, Luciano; Cherel, Yves; Cole, Theresa L; Cuthbert, Richard J; Marin, Manuel; Massaro, Melanie; Navarro, Joan; Phillips, Richard A; Ryan, Peter G; Shepherd, Lara D; Suazo, Cristián G; Weimerskirch, Henri; Moodley, YoshanSpeciation through homoploid hybridization (HHS) is considered extremely rare in animals. This is mainly because the establishment of reproductive isolation as a product of hybridization is uncommon. Additionally, many traits are underpinned by polygeny and/or incomplete dominance, where the hybrid phenotype is an additive blend of parental characteristics. Phenotypically intermediate hybrids are usually at a fitness disadvantage compared with parental species and tend to vanish through backcrossing with parental population(s). It is therefore unknown whether the additive nature of hybrid traits in itself could lead successfully to HHS. Using a multi-marker genetic data set and a meta-analysis of diet and morphology, we investigated a potential case of HHS in the prions (Pachyptila spp.), seabirds distinguished by their bills, prey choice, and timing of breeding. Using approximate Bayesian computation, we show that the medium-billed Salvin's prion (Pachyptila salvini) could be a hybrid between the narrow-billed Antarctic prion (Pachyptila desolata) and broad-billed prion (Pachyptila vittata). Remarkably, P. salvini's intermediate bill width has given it a feeding advantage with respect to the other Pachyptila species, allowing it to consume a broader range of prey, potentially increasing its fitness. Available metadata showed that P. salvini is also intermediate in breeding phenology and, with no overlap in breeding times, it is effectively reproductively isolated from either parental species through allochrony. These results provide evidence for a case of HHS in nature, and show for the first time that additivity of divergent parental traits alone can lead directly to increased hybrid fitness and reproductive isolation.Item Analysis of Actinobacteria from mould-colonized water damaged building material(2010) Schäfer, Jenny; Jäckel, Udo; Kämpfer, PeterMould-colonized water damaged building materials are frequently co-colonized by actinomycetes. Here, we report the results of the analyses of Actinobacteria on different wall materials from water damaged buildings obtained by both cultivation-dependent and cultivation-independent methods. Actinobacteria were detected in all but one of the investigated materials by both methods. The detected concentrations of Actinobacteria ranged between 1.8 x 10(4) and 7.6 x 10(7) CFUg(-1) of investigated material. A total of 265 isolates from 17 materials could be assigned to 31 different genera of the class Actinobacteria on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses. On the basis of the cultivation-independent approach, 16S rRNA gene inserts of 800 clones (50%) were assigned to 47 different genera. Representatives of the genera Streptomyces, Amycolatopsis, Nocardiopsis, Saccharopolyspora, Promicromonospora, and Pseudonocardia were found most frequently. The results derived from both methods indicated a high abundance and variety of Actinobacteria in water damaged buildings. Four bioaerosol samples were investigated by the cultivation-based approach in order to compare the communities of Actinobacteria in building material and associated air samples. A comparison of the detected genera of bioaerosol samples with those directly obtained from material samples resulted in a congruent finding of 9 of the overall 35 detected genera (25%), whereas four genera were only detected in bioaerosol samples.Item Are acoustical parameters of begging call elements of thin-billed prions related to chick condition?(2010) Quillfeldt, Petra; Poisbleau, Maud; Mundry, Roger; Masello, Juan F.Chicks of burrowing petrels use begging calls to advertise their hunger levels when parents arrived at the nest. In a previous study, adult thin-billed prions Pachyptila belcheri responded to higher begging call rates of their single chick by regurgitating larger meals. We tested whether acoustic parameters of begging call elements may also be involved in signalling. To describe variation in begging, we determined begging session parameters, namely the duration, number of calls and the mean and maximum rate of calling. We then digitised calls and carried out a semi-automatic extraction of six acoustic parameters of call elements, including mean and maximum acoustic frequency, the length of call elements and the location of the maximum frequency and amplitude within calls. Chicks showed strong individual differences in all parameters. While the session parameters were correlated with body condition and with the meal size the chick received, none of the acoustic parameters were related to body condition and provisioning. A cross-fostering experiment showed the same pattern, as only session parameters changed related to an experimentally altered body condition, while acoustical cues appear to play no role in signalling hunger levels. We suggest that this may be explained by the absence of sibling competition in these birds. As parents do not need to decide which chick to feed, immediate information on condition at the time of adult arrival may not be required.Item Aspects of the breeding biology of the southern rockhopper penguin Eudyptes c. chrysocome and new consideration on the intrinsic capacity of the A-egg(2008) Poisbleau, Maud; Demongin, Laurent; Strange, Ian J.; Otley, Helen; Quillfeldt, PetraThe rockhopper penguins Eudyptes chrysocome have recently been split into the northern E. moseleyi and the southern E. chrysocome rockhopper penguin. It is therefore crucial to have a comprehensive understanding of the biology of each species in order to develop appropriate conservation measures. We investigated the breeding biology of the southern rockhopper on New Island, in the western part of the Falklands Islands, by following the breeding attempt of 160 pairs during the 2006/2007 season and examining the effect of lay time and colony habitat on breeding success. Specifically, we compared survival and growth parameters between A- and B-eggs and chicks from non-manipulated and artificially manipulated nests to investigate why southern rockhopper penguins in the Falkland Islands are more able to fledge an A-egg (first laid) than conspecifics elsewhere. Breeding was highly synchronous, with no significant difference in the breeding success between early and late breeders or between pairs breeding in different habitats. We demonstrate for the first time that the A-egg produced by the southern rockhopper penguin has, when alone, the same theoretical intrinsic potential to lead to a fledged chick as the B-egg. In contrast, the hatching success and survival of the B-chick was similar when alone or in a two-egg clutch.Item Birds from the endangered Monte, the steppes and coastal biomes of the province of Río Negro, northern Patagonia, Argentina(2011) Llanos, Fabián A.; Failla, Mauricio; García, Gustavo J.; Giovine, Pablo M.; Carbajal, Mirta; González, Patricia M.; Paz Barreto, Daniel; Quillfeldt, Petra; Masello, Juan F.The main ecosystem in northern Patagonia, Argentina, is the Monte, a semi-desert scrubland home to a high biodiversity. Monte is the most endangered ecosystem of southern South America, with an annual rate of clearance of the native vegetation estimated at 3.7%. Here we report the results of bird surveys carried out in the province of Río Negro, northern Patagonia. We surveyed four localities mostly dominated by the Monte ecosystem, between 1986 and 2010. Three localities are Important Bird Areas (IBAs): El Cóndor, San Antonio Oeste and Meseta de Somuncurá. The fourth locality is the Paso Córdoba nature reserve. We recorded a total of 263 bird species. The highest species richness was observed at San Antonio Oeste, followed by El Cóndor. Information regarding the period of occurrence and habitats are provided for all species and localities. Additionally, we indicated the cases in which breeding behavior was observed. This information is urgently needed for the evaluation of the consequences of habitat destruction and deterioration as well as for the success of intended remediation measures.Item Blood and Intestinal Parasites in Wild Psittaciformes: A Case Study of Burrowing Parrots (Cyanoliseus Patagonus)(2006) Masello, Juan F.; Choconi, R. Gustavo; Sehgal, Ravinder N.M.; Tell, Lisa; Quillfeldt, PetraQuantifying parasites is essential for understanding the ecological and evolutionary implications of parasites on their hosts. It is also crucial for many conservation attempts carried out in endangered groups of birds, like the Psittaciformes. The aim of the present study was to test for the presence of blood and intestinal parasites of Burrowing Parrots (Cyanoliseus patagonus) (Psittaciformes) breeding in a large colony at the Atlantic coast of Patagonia, Argentina. Although Burrowing Parrots in this colony have several blood-sucking ectoparasites, no blood parasite was detected in blood smears or with the use of a PCR detection method. Likewise, faecal samples of Burrowing Parrots contained no eggs or oocysts of intestinal parasites. We also review the literature on blood and intestinal parasites in wild Psittaciformes, showing that blood parasites were absent in all cases, and 20 out of 28 studies were negative for intestinal parasites. The observed apparent absence of blood parasites in Burrowing Parrots and other Neotropical Psittaciformes is in line with the theory that avian hemosporidians could have been evolved in the tropics of the Old World, where they are widely distributed and prevalent, and they probably penetrated to Central and South America through the Nearctic region of the Holarctic recently. The observed apparent absence of blood parasites could also be explained by innate immunity in Psittaciformes, as has recently been suggested for other long-lived birds.Item Blood parasites in noddies and boobies from Brazilian offshore islands : differences between species and influence of nesting habitat(2014) Quillfeldt, Petra; Martinez, Javier; Bugoni, Leandro; Mancini, Patricia L.; Merino, SantiagoSeabirds are often free from blood parasites, and a recent review suggested that phylogenetic, ecological and life-history parameters can determine the prevalence of blood parasites in seabirds. However, there is a lack of data available frommany seabird groups, and a larger database is needed to understand prevalence patterns of blood parasites. We used a molecular screening approach to detect parasites of the genera Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon and Babesia in five species of two genera of seabirds that breed on Atlantic Ocean islands off Brazil. The observed patterns differed between the two bird genera. Like other Laridae, brown noddy, Anous stolidus adults were infected with Haemoproteus with low prevalence. Masked boobies, Sula dactylatra and brown boobies, Sula leucogaster were infected with Babesia. Of the latter, mainly juveniles were infected. In all species, intensity of infection (i.e. number of infected erythrocytes) was so low that parasites remained undetected in blood smears. This may explain the absence of major effects on the body condition of birds, although infected juvenile masked boobies were lighter than juveniles that were not infected with Babesia. Two tree-nesting species; black noddy, Anous minutus and red-footed booby, Sula sula did not have blood parasites, suggesting that treenesting may reduce the exposure to arthropod vectors compared with ground nesting in these species.Item Book review on Heinrich Reichert´s "Neurobiologie"(1991) Schmidt, RupertItem Breeding biology, chick growth, and diet of the Least Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma microsoma on Islas San Benito, Mexico(2017) Bedolla-Guzmán, Yuliana; Masello, Juan F.; Aguirre-Muñoz, Alfonso; Lavaniegos, Bertha E.; Quillfeldt, PetraThe Least Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma microsoma is endemic to islands on both coasts of Baja California, in Mexico. It is the smallest seabird species and one of the least studied of the order Procellariiformes. We present a detailed account of its breeding success, chick growth, and diet at Islas San Benito, Baja California, during three consecutive breeding seasons (2013 to 2015) and of sex differences in adult morphology, a study conducted in 2012. Eggs hatched between late July and mid-September, and the fledging period started in mid-October. The timing of breeding varied from year to year: the hatching period began earlier in 2013 than in 2015 and was longer in 2014, while the fledging period started later in 2014 than in 2013. Hatching success (around 80%) and fledging success (about 90%) were consistently high in all three years. Nevertheless, nestlings fledged with longer wings, tails, and bills in 2015. Four species of euphausiids, two species of larval fish, and one species of squid were identified in food samples. Differences in the timing of breeding and chick growth during the period of this study may reflect a variation in food supply associated with anomalous climate conditions recorded in 2014 and 2015.Item Brevibacterium sandarakinum sp. nov., isolated from a wall of an indoor environment(2009) Kämpfer, Peter; Schäfer, Jenny; Lodders, Nadine; Busse, Hans-JürgenA Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped, non-endospore-forming, orange-pigmented (coloured) actinobacterium (01-Je-003T) was isolated from the wall of an indoor environment primarily colonized with moulds. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity studies, strain 01-Je-003T was shown to belong to the genus Brevibacterium and was most similar to the type strains of Brevibacterium picturae (98.8% similarity), Brevibacterium marinum (97.3%) and Brevibacterium aurantiacum (97.2 %). Chemotaxonomic data [predominant quinone menaquinone MK-8(H2); polar lipid profile consisting of major compounds diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified glycolipid; characteristic cell-wall diamino acid meso-diaminopimelic acid; polyamine pattern showing major compounds putrescine and cadaverine; major fatty acids anteiso-C15:0 and anteiso-C17:0] supported the affiliation of strain 01-Je-003T to the genus Brevibacterium. The results of DNA DNA hybridizations and physiological and biochemical tests allowed genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain 01-Je-003T from the two most closely related species, B. picturae and B. marinum. Strain 01-Je-003T therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Brevibacterium sandarakinum sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain 01-Je-003T (5DSM 22082T 5CCM 7649T).Item Burrowing Parrots an agricultural pest?(2005) Pérez, M. Rita; Failla, Mauricio; Seijas, Verónica; Quillfeldt, Petra; Masello, Juan F.Item Can faecal glucocorticoid metabolites be used to monitor body condition in wild Upland geese Chloephaga picta leucoptera?(2011-07-01) Gladbach, Anja; Gladbach, David Joachim; Koch, Martina; Kuchar, Alexandra; Möstl, Erich; Quillfeldt, PetraThe measurement of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites is used as a non-invasive technique to study stress in animal populations. They have been used most widely in mammals, and mammalian studies have also treated issues such as sample stability and storage methods. In birds, faecal corticosterone metabolite (CM) assays have been validated for a small number of species, and adequate storage under field conditions has not been addressed explicitly in previous studies. Furthermore, while it is well-established that baseline plasma corticosterone levels in birds rise with declining body condition, no study so far investigated if this relationship is also reflected in faecal samples. We here present data of a field study in wild Upland geese Chloephaga picta leucoptera on the Falkland Islands, testing different storage methods and investigating the relationship of faecal CM concentrations to body condition and reproductive parameters. We found that faecal CM measures are significantly repeatable within individuals, higher in individuals with lower body condition in both male and female wild Upland geese and higher in later breeding females with smaller broods. These results suggest that measuring faecal CM values may be a valuable non-invasive tool to monitor the relative condition or health of individuals and populations, especially in areas where there still is intense hunting practice.Item Changes in subcellular distribution of ependymins in goldfish brain induced by learning(1987) Schmidt, RupertItem Chick provisioning and nest attendance of male and female Wilson’s storm petrels Oceanites oceanicus(2009) Gladbach, Anja; Braun, Christina; Nordt, Anja; Peter, Hans-Ulrich; Quillfeldt, PetraSeabirds show a range of patterns of sexual size dimorphism and sex-specific parental investment, but the underlying causes remain poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to test two longstanding hypotheses of parental investment in a sexually monomorphic species, Wilson’s storm petrel Oceanites oceanicus, namely that males attend chicks more frequently and females deliver larger meals (Beck and Brown in Br Antarct Surv Sci Rep 69:1–54, 1972). We recorded in eight seasons, both during incubation and chick rearing, which adult was caught first in a nest and found no difference in the probability of catching a male or a female first in any year. Additionally, in five seasons we employed a miniature video camera to record nest attendance during chick rearing and found no significant difference except for 2006, a year with very low krill availability, where females visited the nest less often than males. We then combined video observations with periodic weighing of chicks to estimate mean daily feeding mass (g/day) of males and females and found no difference in the amount of food delivered per day between the sexes. However, in years with low krill availability, males and females tended to use different strategies to achieve the same feeding rates, with females undertaking longer foraging trips and delivering heavier meals. Thus, our results do not support the hypothesis of a general sex-specific parental investment in Wilson’s storm petrels, but a tendency for a context-dependent sex-specific investment in the years of food shortage.